Essay Sample on Economic Choices Made by Official Leaders

Paper Sample on Economic Choices Made by Official Leaders â€Å"President Barack Obamas re-appointment lifted the cover of vulnerability that had hung over the business sectors, just as expense and administrative arrangements. From the get-go in 2013, Congress turned away a dive off the monetary bluff, and broadened crisis joblessness advantages and home loan obligation pardoning. Staying uncertain are a few basic monetary issues: the government financial plan; sequestration; and how to deal with the obligation ceiling.† (Top Trends in 2013: An audit of the significant issues that will influence business and shape corporate system this year). This is showed in the whole United States since this additional to our prudent shortfall and made it hard to get subprime advances for contracts for those with not exactly impeccable credit who can bear to pay a home loan. The instrument I picked is the ones that permit disguise of ecological costs which are legitimately identified with adding to the joblessness and derating the home loan credits a year ago. The issue with financial instruments is one isn't adherable to the next or one size doesn't fit all. It is at times simpler to actualize through orders and guidelines. â€Å"However, in many creating nations the investigation and implementation assets are constrained and political impacts may prompt biased consistence necessities. In such cases, monetary instruments might be intended for the accomplishment of more unassuming principles of execution instead of super-performance† (Economic Instruments). President Obama did an incredible thing by adding to the national chance to attract joblessness for those effectively looking for work this downturn we are presently in yet he ought not have pardoned all home loans. Individuals need to understand their home loan should be paid first before their vehicle note, charge cards, or different circumstances. Everybody needs a rooftop over their head and defaulting on contracts isn't the best approach.

What happened when we left an error in an email to 7,000 people - Emphasis

What happened when we left a mistake in an email to 7,000 individuals What happened when we left a blunder in an email to 7,000 individuals I love my activity, on most days. We help individuals with an undertaking that millions find extremely distressing and hazardous. So its unfathomably remunerating to have the option to calm that torment. For me, its the best employment on the planet. Most days. At that point there are the other (fortunately) a lot rarer days, when things don’t very work out as expected. I had one of those days last Tuesday. That was the day we conveyed our e-notice, total with a yelling mistake, to 7,000 supporters. Presently, dear peruser, if you’re ever searching for an ensured approach to appear each error in a bit of composing, that strategy takes some beating. I can’t genuinely state its one Id suggest however. We recognized the misstep in the email when we’d sent it (and before we sent it, in actuality †see underneath). You most likely did, as well. In any case, on the off chance that you missed it, here it is once more (in light of the fact that we’re nothing if not indulgent people for discipline): While your on that page, don’t neglect to join to Jacob’s free, seven-section language structure and accentuation course. I know: it’s dreadful. So dreadful that I could scarcely force myself to type those words. (It should, obviously, have perused you’re.) Others might have the option to pull off an oversight of the fingers, however not us. We clearly should be clean as a whistle in these issues, basically on account of what we do. Nor was the incongruity of such an essential mix-up in a sentence promoting a language course lost on us. Trust me, a grammatical mistake like that truly is the stuff of bad dreams for us. The reaction from our eager endorser base was as quick and solid as it was justifiable. My email inbox immediately topped off with messages from faithful perusers thinking about what in the world we were playing at. At first, I was willfully ignorant of the sentence structure firestorm that had emitted back at Emphasis HQ. I was on a half-term occasion with my family, and my WiFi association was loose, best case scenario. At the point when I did at long last get an association, I nearly wished I’d stayed disconnected somewhat more. The main thing that came through was a text from one of my group, notice me of the mistake. I spent the following hour on the telephone to them, attempting to sort out exactly how the mix-up had sneaked past the net. At that point I began working my way through sending an individual email of statement of regret and clarification to each individual who’d messaged me. (It was what might be compared to getting into a hair shirt.) I likewise guaranteed them free access to our new e-adapting course, Writing better email, to express gratitude toward them for their difficulty. (In the event that you were one of those individuals, Ill be messaging you a connection today.) Sick reveal to you how they responded in a moment. On the whole, what precisely did turn out badly? Indeed, as I referenced, my underlying oversight of the fingers had been spotted during our editing procedure and properly amended. Be that as it may, the rectification had been made in the HTML code. At that point, some way or another, it was a more established rendition of the code that our mailing framework conveyed. Presently, our editing strategies are entirely acceptable (as you would trust). In any case, any procedure is just in the same class as its most vulnerable connection, which for this situation was making the last redresses in the code. Obviously, we won’t be doing that once more. (We’ve since changed mailing frameworks, with the goal that we don’t need to.) Im sorry, and I trust you can excuse us this one. If you don't mind have confidence that, whatever impact it’s had on your perspective on us, it’s nothing contrasted and the spirit looking that’s as yet going on at Emphasis HQ. Be that as it may, there is the thing that might be a useful postscript to this story: the responses I got to my messages of conciliatory sentiment. More than 66% of the individuals I for one messaged went out of the way to compose back (much of the time promptly) to state that no mischief had been done and that, on the off chance that anything, our response to what were at that point calling Yourgate had improved their perspective on Emphasis. Im not all that vain or naã ¯ve to feel that leaving in the blunder was something to be thankful for. Be that as it may, that criticism recommends that, should you ever fail, you could do more regrettable than receive a comparable methodology. As one journalist put it, ‘These things occur in business. Be that as it may, as you’ve demonstrated, it’s how you react to them that counts.’ That was from the MD of an enormous speculation bank, no less, who invested significant energy from his night to keep in touch with me that email. (I was †and still am †so thankful for his reaction and the numerous others I got throughout the following scarcely any days.) Tragically, the main certain approach to stay away from botches in what you compose is never to compose anything. Weve got no aim of doing that and well keep on giving our free guidance to as long as could reasonably be expected. All things considered, sooner or later, another blunder will inevitably sneak past the net, regardless of how enthusiastically we attempt to stop that occurrence. For us, its a startling possibility. In this way, whenever you have writer’s square, maybe you can draw comfort from the way that you don’t need to put ‘business-composing adviser’ toward the finish of each email. Since, trust me, that is the most ideal way I know to incapacitate even the most familiar of scholars. Picture credit: Guilhem Vellut

Understanding Male Eating Disorders

Understanding Male Eating Disorders Eating Disorders Print Understanding Male Eating Disorders By Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS facebook twitter linkedin Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, is a certified eating disorders expert and clinical psychologist who provides cognitive behavioral psychotherapy. Learn about our editorial policy Lauren Muhlheim, PsyD, CEDS Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on August 14, 2015 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on August 09, 2019 PeopleImages/Getty Images More in Eating Disorders Symptoms Treatment Diagnosis Awareness and Prevention While once thought to be solely female illnesses, eating disorders are known to afflict people of all genders. Eating disorders are diagnosed in males of all ages ranging from children to older adults. Many researchers believe that male eating disorders we are seeing today are just the tip of the iceberg. Eating disorders in males have not received attention until recently for several reasons which include: The omission of males from research on eating disordersLack of recognition of eating disorder symptoms by males and their family membersBias by professionals leading to less likelihood of eating disorder diagnosis in malesThe stigma associated with males seeking help for what has primarily been seen as a female illnessExclusion of males by eating disorder treatment centersStrongly feminine branding of eating disorder treatment centers (e.g., pink- and flower-dominated décor, no male images on websites and marketing materials)Eating disorders presenting with different symptoms in males than in femalesInadequate attention to male eating disorder behaviors in most eating disorder assessment measuresDiagnostic criteria were gender-biased making it harder for males to be diagnosed. History Eating disorders in males were first noted in 1689 when English physician Richard Morton described two cases of “nervous consumption,” one in a male patient. In 1874, Ernest Charles Lasegue and Sir William Gull made other case reports of males with anorexia nervosa. After these key early cases, males with eating disorders were marginalized, deemed “rare,” and forgotten about until 1972 when Peter Beaumont and colleagues studied anorexia nervosa in male subjects. Until quite recently, males were excluded from most of the treatment studies that led to the development of diagnostic criteria and to treatments for eating disorders. Less than 1 percent  of all eating disorder research focuses specifically on males. Consequently, eating disorders have been viewed through a female lens. Under the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TR (current until 2013), one key requirement for the diagnosis for anorexia was amenorrhea â€" loss of a menstrual period. Men were physiologically incapable of qualifying for a diagnosis of anorexia nervosa. Imagine that â€" unable to be diagnosed due to an anatomical impossibility! Prevalence The most widely-quoted study estimates that males have a  lifetime prevalence  of 0.3 percent  for anorexia nervosa, 0.5 percent for bulimia nervosa, and 2.0 percent for binge eating disorder. The proportion of total people with eating disorders that are male is not known. Older statistics cite 10 percent, but given the reluctance of males with eating disorders to admit they have a problem and the inability of research to capture male eating disorders, most experts believe it is higher. More recent estimates say anywhere from 20 percent to 25 percent of the total number of people with eating disorders are male. The National Association for Males with Eating Disorders estimates that 25 to 40 percent of people with all eating disorders are males. Among eating disorder diagnoses, males have relatively more representation in binge eating disorder and Avoidant Restrictive Food Intake Disorder (ARFID), two newer diagnoses. Estimates indicate that about 40 percent  of people with binge eating disorder are male. In one study of children in a pediatric gastroenterology network, 67 percent of those diagnosed with ARFID were male. Features There are some major differences between male and female eating disorder presentations. Males with eating disorders tend to be older, have greater rates of other psychiatric problems (such as anxiety, depression, and substance use), and engage in more suicidal behaviors than females with eating disorders. Males with eating disorders also have a higher rate of having previously been overweight. Men are less likely to engage in typical purging behaviors and are more likely to use exercise as a compensatory behavior. Finally, because of stigma, males are less likely to seek treatment. When they do, it is often after a long illness and they may thus be sicker and more entrenched in their disorder.   Some researchers propose that the more common presentation of eating disorders in men is muscularity-oriented disordered eating or muscle dysmorphia, initially termed reverse anorexia and sometimes called bigorexia. Muscle dysmorphia is currently technically categorized as a type of body dysmorphia, which itself is a type of obsessive-compulsive disorder. In muscle dysmorphia, the body type desired is not thinner as we see in traditional female anorexia, but bigger and more muscular. This corresponds with the traditional societal view of the ideal male body. The core symptom of muscle dysmorphia is a fear of not being muscular enough. The associated symptomatic behaviors often include compulsive exercise, disordered eating characterized by protein supplementation and dietary restriction, and the use of supplements and performance-enhancing drugs or steroids. It can also include distinct and alternating phases as people vacillate between eating first to increase muscle and then to decrease body fat. Researchers have also observed “cheat meals,” planned high-calorie meals, in the service of this muscular ideal. As with behaviors seen in the more typical female presentation of eating disorders, these behaviors also carry significant medical risks. However, they often fly under the radar as they are commonly believed to be healthy behaviors. One study indicated that as many as 53 percent  of competitive bodybuilders might have muscle dysmorphia. Sexual Orientation A myth is that most males with eating disorders are gay. A frequently cited study in 2007 showed a higher percentage of gay than heterosexual males with diagnoses of anorexia nervosa. Based on this study, it has often been assumed that a male patient with an eating disorder is most likely gay. While there may be relatively more eating disorders in the gay male community, most males with eating disorders are heterosexual. One  study found little connection between sexual orientation and the incidence of eating disorders. Instead, the researchers identified a connection between gender identification and the eating disorder’s expression: those individuals who identified with more feminine gender norms tended to have thinness body concerns, while those who identified with more masculine norms tended towards muscularity concerns. Assessment   All of the various assessment tools commonly used to assess eating disorders were designed for use with females. As a result, they may not adequately identify an eating disorder in a male. For example, the Eating Disorders Inventory includes the item, “I think my thighs are too large.” This item is less likely to be endorsed by males because it does not reflect their body image concerns. The Eating Disorder Assessment for Males, a male-specific assessment tool, (EDAM), is under development. An item that corresponds to the EDI item above might take the form of, “I check my body several times a day for muscularity,”â€" more oriented toward traditional male concerns. The availability of new tools such as the EDAM should help more males get appropriately diagnosed. Treatment There currently exist no specific treatments for eating disorders in males. When males have been included in studies, they seem to respond well to the same treatments that have been successful for females with eating disorders, especially cognitive behavioral therapy for adults and family-based treatment (FBT) for adolescents and young adults. FBT has also been successfully applied to adolescent muscle dysmorphia. Such treatment may focus more on limiting exercise and preventing excessive protein intake than on weight gain. The treatment of male patients should address the stigma of being seen for what is commonly known as a female disorder. Treatment with males often focuses more closely on addressing exercise, which is often the first symptom to present and the last to remit. Find Support From the 9 Best Online Therapy Programs A Word From  Verywell If you or someone you care about is a male with an eating disorder, do not hesitate to seek help. While reaching out for help may seem scary, it is an important first step in overcoming a disorder that can be treated. There are gender-specific organizations, like  the  National Association for Males With Eating Disorders  that can help.

Why the Way We Helped, Needed Help Essay - 2714 Words

It’s in the first sentence of the United States Constitution; listed as one of the six fundamental purposes of the government of the United States, â€Å"to†¦promote the general welfare.† Considering its location in the Preamble, one might imagine that the Founding Fathers held this idea to a very high standard. While the meaning of the Constitution is constantly debated, the notion of where the government stops providing and personal accountability must be had is the focus of this paper. During the Roosevelt era, America saw the birth of what some call the â€Å"welfare state† with the government taking a vastly greater role in providing the general welfare, leading to an ever increasing level of dependency. It wasn’t until 1996 that serious welfare†¦show more content†¦The most significant move was FDR’s New Deal; more specifically the Social Security Act of 1935 which established the framework for the United States welfare system. I n the following decades, America saw more and more people being added to the rolls and with it, an increase in costs and dependency. In the 1980’s, President Reagan sought reforms similar to those that were passed while he was governor of California but was unable to accomplish this. Then, in 1996, President Clinton and his Republican Congress signed into law the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act, changing welfare in America forever. There are many different components of the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA), each equally responsible for its success. First, it instituted Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) replacing the Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC) program which had been in effect since 1935. According to the Department of Health and Human Services’ summary of the bill, one of PRWORA’s main goals was to end welfare as an entitlement program that simply handed out m oney without a second thought. The bill required recipients to begin working after two years of receiving benefits and placed a lifetime limit of five years on benefits paid by federal funds. It also aimed to encourage two-parent families and discouraged out-of-wedlock births. Another minor provision was an enhanced enforcement ofShow MoreRelatedEmotions: From Birth to Old Age by Richard Spilsbury1249 Words   |  5 Pagesemotions, since last year in science we learnt a bit about it, but we didn’t go into any real depth. 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Well, in order to understand this, is necessary know someRead MoreReflection Paper On Service1161 Words   |  5 Pageslook forward to waking up at 6:30am to walk all the way there, but the more I volunteered the more I was looking forward to Thursday mornings and seeing all the wonderful people who work and stay there. Service is an extremely important part of being a leader. A big component of being a leader is connecting with others. Service is a great way to get out there, meet new people, and gain new perspectives. Being a service-oriented leader will help you connect with more people and build relationshipsRead MoreThe Importance Of Education931 Words   |  4 PagesWhy school? Throughout life, we always tend to wonder whether or not having an education is beneficial and can end up leading to a life of success. As students, we always search for the deliverance that will help us to answer this question. 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Building an Innovative Workplace â€New Strategies in Gen Y...

Building an Innovative Workplace – New Strategies in Gen Y Recruitment Executive Summary Introduction The purpose of this study was to uncover the elements of cutting edge, culturally competent global Gen Y recruitment strategies. For this study, JBC collected data from 50+ multi-national companies and current academic scholars. JBC then synthesized the most cutting-edge recruitment processes to create this report. This study is unique in that it examined current practices and theory across functional areas, including HR, Diversity, Recruitment, Social Media and Global Human Rights. Table of Contents 1. Recruitment Strategy – Networked Approach 2. Implementation – Three Steps in Global Diversity Recruitment 3. How to Tailor†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¢ Location, Location, Location – Look in new places for talent across regions. For example, NGOs/minority organizations can act as â€Å"relationship brokers† for new candidates. Also, cast a wide net in regards to location by focusing recruitment efforts in large, medium and small cities, as well as rural areas for Gen Y talent. †¢ Diversify On-Campus Recruitment – Deploy diverse teams for recruitment presentations, workshops and career fair days. Gen Y candidates are looking for current employers that they can connect with and relate to on a deeper level. Is your recruitment team fluent in â€Å"Gen Y†? It is vital that on-the-ground recruiters can connect with and relate to a Gen Y audience. Quick Tips: †¢ Communicate through multiple, regionally appropriate, methods of communication, including email, text, phone, social networking tools – and local equivalents. Use methods that are accessible and affordable to potential candidates in that region. †¢ Provide recruiters with a social media toolkit. Make sure they have the ability to blog, chat, text, etc. with potential candidates. †¢ Engage families+friends in the recruitment process. 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Based on literature reviews of social media and business models, this paper formulates a new business model framework, it provides a structure for empirical case analysis. The framework is modified mainly based on Osterwalder’s (2002) e-business model ontology, and other three attributes have also been added into. New framework components include customer relationship, infrastructure management, product innovation, market considerations, technologiesRead MoreSocial Media Business Model Analysis - Case Tencent, Facebook, and Myspace34799 Words   |  140 Pagesmethods for collecting data and empirical analysis. Based on literature reviews of social media and business models, this paper formulates a new business model framework, it provides a structure for empirical case analysis. The framework is modified mainly based on Osterwalder’s (2002) e-business model ontology, and other three attributes have also been added into. 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Superior Court Observation Free Essays

Business Law 115 Superior Court Observation The Superior Court session I observed was an alcohol impairment case. The defendant in this case, had been found guilty in District Court, but had filed an appeal to the District Court’s decision. The morning began with the juryselection process. We will write a custom essay sample on Superior Court Observation or any similar topic only for you Order Now The potential juror pool began with approximately 30 people. The Clerk of Court, Wendy Williams,drew twelve names at random form a bowl to begin the selection process. Once the initial twelve names were pulled, both attorneys had the opportunity to â€Å"interview† thepotential jurors. The prosecution attorney, Emily Cowen, began the process by asking each person to givesome general background information on themselves. This information included where they were from, how long they had lived in the Hendersonville area, their maritalstatus, occupation, etc. After getting this information, the prosecutor asked questions, such as: Did they feel they could hear the case and form an unbiased opinion? Had they ever served on a jury in the past? Had they ever had any negative experiences with any law enforcement officer? Other questions were asked more specifically referring to the DUI, such as: Did they have any family or friends who had been charged with DUI? The defense attorney, J. Michael Edney, then had the opportunity toask his questions. His questions had an emphasis on items such as whether they had a problem with alcohol use, etc†¦ After the initial questioning, three potential jurors were dismissed. One was dismisseddue to being a past victim of a drunk driver. The second was dismissed due to religious beliefs and the third was dismissed by the prosecutor for reasons that were not obvious to an observer. The Clerk of Court drew three more names from the bowl and those potential jurors were basically asked the same questions as the initial twelve. Of this group of three, the defense attorney dismissed two. The first was apparently dismissed because his brother had multiple DUI convictions. The reason for the second dismissal was not obvious. The Clerk of Court then drew two more names. These two potential jurors were questioned in the same manner and accepted by the attorneyson both side. After the jury of twelve was seated, the process was repeated to find an alternate. The purpose if the alternate was to step in if, for any reason, any of the jurors could not serve during the whole trial. The remaining jury pool was excused from the courtroom. The attorney for the Prosecution began with her opening statement, followed by the defense attorney. The prosecution called the first witness, an officer with the Henderson County Sheriff’s Department. The officer was sworn in and then questioned by the Prosecutor about the events of the night when the defendant was placed under arrest. The defense attorney then cross-examined the witness, followed by a prosecution re-direct and then a defense re-cross examination. The witness was then excused. What struck me during the questioning were the actions of the judge. He sat with his head resting in his hand, almost like he was sleeping. However, he did not miss a beat when an objection was made. He either quickly sustained or over-ruled the objection without even raising his head. At this point in the proceedings, the judge called for a lunch recess. He instructed the jury of six rulesto follow during breaks, briefly these were: They were not to discuss the case amongst themselves. They were not to discuss the case with anyone else outside the courtroom. There should be no formation of an opinion until deliberation. They are not to communicate with anyone involved with the case. They should not read or listen to any media coverage about the trial. Lastly, if applicable, there should be no visitation of the crime scene or no independent inquiry. He explained that any violation of these rules would be considered contempt and punishable as so. After the recess, the prosecution called two more witnesses, another Sheriff’s deputy and an officer with the Highway Patrol. They were both questioned by the prosecution, then the defense. Both were also faced with a re-direct and a re-cross. The witnesses were excused after theirtestimony. At this point, the prosecution rested its case. The defense than began theircase presentation. The defense called the defendant to the stand to testify on his own behalf. After his initial testimony, he was cross-examined by the prosecution. There was no re-direct or re-cross. The defense rested their case. The jury was then sent out of the courtroom so the charge conference could take place. This process involves discussions the prosecution and defense as to which instructions would be given to the jury. There is a large set of written instructions and they discussed which are relevant to the case and would be provided to the jury. Once this was completed, the jury was called back into the courtroom and given instructions on the closing statements. These instructions were the same as they were for the opening statements. The defense gave his closing statement first, followed by the prosecution’s closing statement. The judge then instructed the jury on proper application of the law. He stated that if the prosecution did not prove its case beyond a reasonable doubt, then they must find the defendant not guilty. However, if they did prove their case, the jury must find the defendant guilty. He also instructed the jury on the items agreed upon during the charge conference. The jury then retired to the deliberation room. At this point, the alternate juror is excused. While the jury was deliberating, I observed a conversation between the two attorneys and some other attorneys that happened to be in the courtroom. The prosecutor made the comment that the defendant admitted he had been drinking and that was basically the whole of the case. To that, the defense attorney relied, â€Å"The truth is irrelevant. † I found that statement quite surprising and it has stuck with me, I think, more than any other information. The jury did not come back with a verdict by the end of the day. When I called the Clerk of Court office the following morning, I was told that they had come back at around 10:30 am with a guilty verdict. How to cite Superior Court Observation, Essays

Robert Penn Warren Essays (1018 words) - Guggenheim Fellows

Robert Penn Warren Robert Penn Warren, born in Guthrie, Kentucky in 1905, was one of the twentieth century's most eminent American writers. He was a distinguished novelist and poet, literary critic, essayist, short story writer, and coeditor of numerous textbooks. He also a founding editor of The Southern Review, a journal of literary criticism and political thought. The primary influences on Robert Warren's career as a poet were probably his Kentucky boyhood, and his relationships with his father and his maternal grandfather. As a boy, Warren spent many hours on his grandfather's farm, absorbing stories of the Civil War and the local tobacco wars between growers and wholesalers, the subject of his first novel, Night Riders. His grandfather, Thomas Gabriel Penn, had been a calvary officer in the Civil War and was well-read in both military history and poetry, which he sometimes recited for Robert. Robert's father was a banker who had once had aspirations to become a lawyer and a poet. Because of economic troubles, and his responsibility for a family of half-brothers and sisters when his father died, Robert Franklin Warren forsook his literary ambitions and devoted himself to more lucrative businesses. Robert Warren did not always have ambitions to become a writer, in fact, one of his earlier dreams was to become an adventurer on the high seas. This fantasy might have indeed come about, for his father intended to get him an appointment to Annapolis, had it not been for a childhood accident in which he lost sight in one of his eyes. Warren was an outstanding student but there were also many books at home, and he savored reading. His father at one time aspired to be a poet. His grandfather Penn, with whom he spent much time when he was young, was an exceptional storyteller and greatly influenced young Red. But both of these men whom he loved had in some sense failed to achieve. By contrast, Warren was determined to achieve, to be successful. During his college years at Vanderbilt, the sense of being physically maimed, as well as the fear sympathetic blindness in his remaining good eye became almost unbearable. At Vanderbilt University he met Allen Tate, John Crowe Ransom, Donald Davidson, and others interested in poetry. As part of The Fugitives, a private group that met off campus, he delved deeply into poetry, and his first poems were published in their short-lived quarterly. Warren had a remarkable capacity for friendship, and he was in touch with these men all of their lives. For years Tate was "first critic" of his poetry. After graduating from Vanderbilt in 1925, he took a Master's Degree from the University of California at Berkley. After visiting Yale University, he moved to Oxford as a Rhodes scholar, where he wrote his first book: John Brown: The Making of a Martyr in 1929. "Red" Warren, as he was known to his friends, married Emma Brescia in 1930, a marriage which ended in divorce 20 years later. In the last several years of that period, Warren was penned with depression and a lack of new material. His period of dissolution did not end until his second marriage to Eleanor Clark in 1952. Warren received many honors including a Pulitzer Prize for the fiction All the King's Men, 1946: This novel illustrating a powerful Southern governor resembling the Louisiana politician Huey P. Long. . He also produced his complex World Enough and Time, based on the Kentucky hanging of Jeremiah Beauchamp for murder in 1826. The research he done for this book was done at the Library of Congress during the time he was Poetry Consultant there. In this research, he uncovered the sorbid tale of Lilburne Lewis, Thomas Jefferson's nephew, who chopped a young slave girl to pieces with a meat ax. Robert struggled to convert the account of the murder into a long dramatic poem, which was to emerge at last in 1953 as Brother to Dragons: A Tale in verse and Voices, one of the most distinctive long poems in American literature. Warren's marriage to Eleanor and the births of their two children, Rosanna and Gabriel, brought new life into his writing. After the Pulitzer Prize-winning Promises: Poems 1954-1956, dedicated to his children, Warren produced several

Free Essays on Ale to Polika

, often designating commodities, but also social institutions such as kingship with its complex functions and trappings of ritual. The treaties cast by Aegean and Near Eastern kings contain similar formulas. Means of accounting, counting, and weighing are similar or identical. No one disputes the Near Eastern origin of writing on clay tablets or of the Greek alphabet. Musical instruments, and no doubt how they were played and for what reasons, are the same in East and West, as are... Free Essays on Ale to Polika Free Essays on Ale to Polika In M. L. West's exemplary edition of Hesiod's Theogony, published in 1966, W. claimed that "Greece is part of Asia; Greek literature is a Near Eastern literature" (p. 31), a remarkable claim when everyone knew that Greece is part of Europe and its literature unlike anything that appeared in the Near East. Yet in the last thirty years others have made similar claims. W. Burkert, especially, argued that "Akkadian cuneiform side by side with Aramaic, Phoenician, and Greek alphabetic script produces a continuum of written culture in the eighth century which stretches from the Euphrates to Italy" (The Orientalizing Revolution, Cambridge, Mass., 1992, p. 31). Here W. sets out to prove his thesis, now a generation old, and we might be disturbed that he has succeeded so well. There are twelve chapters, which I will briefly review in order. In the first chapter, "Aegean and Orient," W. takes a bird's-eye view of salient features of Near Eastern and Aegean cultures that for explanation cry out for direct transmission or a common origin. He does not say this, but if one were to compare Bronze Age Greece with Bronze Age China or the Hopi Indians of Arizona one would not expect to find such common elements, here traceable to ancient routes of trade and communication over north Syria, through Cyprus and Rhodes, to Crete and the Aegean. These are cultural artifacts and not the result of parallel evolution. Such common elements include a substantial list of loan words, often designating commodities, but also social institutions such as kingship with its complex functions and trappings of ritual. The treaties cast by Aegean and Near Eastern kings contain similar formulas. Means of accounting, counting, and weighing are similar or identical. No one disputes the Near Eastern origin of writing on clay tablets or of the Greek alphabet. Musical instruments, and no doubt how they were played and for what reasons, are the same in East and West, as are...

The Hidden Truth About Essay Writing Services

The Hidden Truth About Essay Writing Services The Hidden Truth About Essay Writing Services: What Most of Them Dont Want You to Know There are dozens of academic paper writing services on the internet at any given time. Every single one of them promises college students that they will provide them with essays, research papers, and other documents that are guaranteed to help them earn the high grades they want. The majority of these services count on a few things: Students are broke and always looking for cheapest price. Desperation over writing assignments leads to making desperate decisions. Many students will not research the claims that they make. If a writing service develops a bad reputation, they can simply close up shop and open up again under a new name. That's right! These writing services see students just like yourself as lazy, cheap, and incapable of taking a logical approach when it comes to dealing with your workload. Keep reading, if you can stomach it, to learn more about the rip-off tactics these companies use. It All Starts With Rock Bottom Pricing Essays at Pennies Per Page! Dissertations for $100 dollars! Research Papers Completed in Under an Hour – Only $25 dollars! The people in charge of marketing and advertising for these services advertise these prices because they want to attract people with extremely cheap prices. What they do not count on is that smart students might be skeptical when they see these offers. For example, how does a company survive if they only charge pennies per page to write an essay? Let's break this down. In order to deliver an original essay to a customer that is guaranteed to be acceptable to a college instructor, there are several costs that must be considered. These include: Paying the Writer Paying for Overhead and Marketing Paying for quality assurance and editing Considering that each page of an essay is likely to take at least 15 minutes to write, is it realistic to assume that this is a a realistic offer? Of course it isn't. Now, the real question, how do these writing services offer these papers at such low prices, and how do they guarantee that these papers can be written so quickly? The essays and research papers are not original. Writing services that make these rock bottom pricing claims, or who offer papers within an unrealistic period of time simply resell the same papers over and over again. What to Expect From Reputable Essay Writing Services Good essay writing services will offer discounts, but their pricing will take into consideration the following things: Writers will be college graduates and be paid a fair wage All work will original and custom written No impossible claims will be made about the amount of time that it will take to complete an essay or research paper. Here is a good rule of thumb. If you are paying less than ten dollars per page for a research paper or essay, you should be suspicious. The writing service that you are using is taking shortcuts somewhere, and those shortcuts could destroy   your academic career. How to Research Writing Services First and foremost, never do business with a writing service that makes the outrageous claims mentioned above. However, in addition to this, there are other steps that you can take to insure that you are dealing with reputable company... Make sure their website is well designed and that all links work Read customer review and commentary Ask about originality guarantees Read the blogs and other posts Of course, the best method of determining whether or not a writing service is okay, is to simply contact their customer service or sales agents to see what they have to say. If the information they provide is realistic and reliable, there is a good chance that the company behind the website is also above board.

Engineering drawing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Engineering drawing - Essay Example Drawing is considered as a vital part of the entire engineering assignment and is a major portion of the designing region of the field of engineering. There are several fields of engineering, including: mechanical, technical and civil engineering and all fields have placed certain amount of importance on the activity of engineering drawing. Engineering drawing has two meanings, firstly it is the act of drawing itself and secondly it is the output of drawing or a piece of art that is visible to others. Engineering drawing is considered as a language and this language even comprises of grammatical rules such as the grammatical rules invested in English language (Ve?n?ugo?pa?l V). There is a huge difference between both engineering drawing and artistic drawing although certain amount of people may use both the terms interchangeably. All engineers need to learn the proper way of conducting the act of engineering drawing as it can have devastating effects as any language if not used in th e proper manner can have devastating impacts. Body Those who are not related to the field of engineering may regard both engineering as well as artistic drawing as simply drawing; both engineers and artists may share similar traits as both are involved in the process of drawing images. But the purpose of both types of drawings differ, drawing that is artistic in nature is conducted with the purpose of conveying emotional messages, and the purpose of engineer made drawing is to spread information and provide insight (Madsen 11). Another major difference between both forms of drawing is that of understanding, in order to understand engineer made drawings, one needs to have knowledge of the field of engineering. The engineer has to pass through a particular possess and needs to obtain certain skill set in order to develop drawings for engineering purpose. This process is even regarded as technical drawing and is used in various disciplines of engineering and non engineering disciplines . Engineering is a very vast field and they may share certain common types of drawings and certain drawings are only limited to a particular field of engineering. For example in the case of metal engineering, the field specific types of drawings may include fabrication and casting and the fabrication part of metal engineering may further be divided into other forms of drawings. Engineer made drawings even act as legal documentation as this document interacts and transfers information regarding what resources and assistance is desirable for those will ultimately transform a drawing of an idea into a real end product (Choi 10). Engineering drawings are used as a means of creating a contract between two parties, there are parties involved when an engineering idea in drawing form is sold to someone, it even becomes a part of the purchasers and sellers purchase and sale order and is even a part of any changes made to the product. This drawing helps in saving a manufacturer from being hel d responsible if the manager had followed all the steps that were stated in the drawing and still failed to produce a successful outcome. In this scenario the drawing is analyzed and the engineer who drew the engineering drawing

Plz chose one Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 1

Plz chose one - Essay Example Lee found it intriguing and began to find out the history and reality of fortune cookies in America. Fortune Cookies were perceived as originated in China and became a regular part of every Chinese restaurant in United States. Lee demonstrates an interesting resemblance between Chinese foods served in America and the America-born Chinese generation, and stated for both that: Lee found it interesting that her own mother, who spent quite a time in China, did not know much about fortune cookies and believed that it came from Hong Kong. From that point, Lee began to inquire that what the actual origin of fortune cookies is. On her quest, she met Misa Chang, who opened her restaurant in 70s. Misa was the first one to bring the idea of door delivery service in Chinese food line. Door delivery was in practice by some restaurants but Misa was the first one to think about delivering hot, spicy Chinese food on the doors. It was her idea of success but the innovation often outruns the innovator. The idea caught wind and soon other restaurant owners were offering home delivery. At this point of time, Misa thought about some innovative marketing technique that was actually a prototype of spamming. She thought about delivering mail advertisements to the people living in the area. She saw it as a perfectly legal thing as there was no concept of spamming in that era. However, just like the home delivery idea, her competitors also started to send flyers to the prospective buyers which at the end became messy for every one and legal complications were started. Lee described it as: Lee believed that fortune cookie was another â€Å"caught the wind† idea of a Chinese or Japanese to present as a dessert. The supporting fact was that the Chinese deserts are totally different from Americans as they don’t bake. Their desserts are usually constituted of beans, peanuts,

Top Down And Bottom Up Management Styles

Top Down And Bottom Up Management Styles The top-down model is a management strategy where scientific investigation leads the process of identifying and designating specific areas (Kelsey et al., 1995 in MPA connections, 2004). This model is an approach to planning that usually involves a centralized government imposing regulations or laws on resource users (MPA connections, 2004). This model can be very controversial and give rise to opposition as it fails to adequately take into consideration and represent the concerns of stakeholders in the MPA designation process which can result in a community with little understanding of, or support for an MPA site proposal or its management plan (Brody, 1998). This top-down management strategy tends to produce paper-parks in which natural resources continue to be degraded due to ineffective enforcement measures and little compliance with rules and regulations (Brody, 1998). This seems to be evident with regards to Buccoo Reef, where decisions about the BRMP are largely made by govern ment officials or management authorities without considering the contributions of many stakeholders. The local community especially those indigenous to the Buccoo Village region, feels disrespected by the lack of communication, and feels that their opinions should be taken into consideration. This lack of communication and support of community involvement, had led to a community that is somewhat disenfranchised, rebellious and uninterested in contributing to protection of the resource. The bottom-up management strategy employs the emphasis on acknowledging local values and perspectives as well as adapting designations to prior use patterns (Fiske 1992 in MPA connections, 2004). This model is a planning approach that usually combines scientific knowledge with traditional knowledge of the users in order to understand and accommodate how they rely on the resource (Graham et al., 1992). Protected areas, either terrestrial or marine, are diverse in their specifications and goals, but share a crucial common ingredient: the role of the public (Springer, 2006). It has thus been realized that biodiversity conversation initiatives cannot be thought in isolation of social issues (Mishra et al., 2009) and biodiversity conservation schemes that do not take local people into account not only raise ethical issues, but also run the risk of being self-defeating (Few, 2000) since ignoring the role of local communities will only exacerbate the problems associated with natural resourc es (Camarago at al., 2009). It is important to note however, that social systems are made of complex components, some of which are inevitably oppositional (Springer, 2006). Nevertheless, these variable roles played by diverse groups of people can contribute to the success of the designated protected area, or in some cases, fracture the entire scenario (Springer, 2006). Over the past two decades, it has become widely recognized that the management of protected areas should include the cooperation and support of local communities (Wells Brandon, 1992). There has been a growing realization that the conventional Gun and Guard method of conservation is no more effective in dealing with the socio-ecological complexity and political dimensions of biodiversity conservation (Mishra at al., 2009). Dealing with such a multidimensional issue, requires integrated approaches that recognize the interconnectedness of social and ecological systems and attempt to link science, policy and societal goals through interdisciplinary methods of problem solving and multi-stakeholder involvement (Mishra et al., 2009). Failure to adopt an interdisciplinary approach to protected area management and manage protected areas as human ecosystems can compromise the biophysical values for which protection was sought (Stevens, 1986 in Lane, 2001). This realization has encouraged the development of community-based conservation (Mehta Kellert, 1998 cited in Bajracharya et al., 2005), which emphasizes the role of communities in decision making (Adams Hulme, 2001). Community Involvement Community-based conservation approaches to decision-making in the management of protected areas are increasingly being implemented (Bajracharya et al., 2005) and many projects have now been initiated in various countries, most notably in Africa, where implementation of such community-based conservation practices have contributed to decreases in poaching and improved conservation (Wainwright Wehrmeyer, 1998 cited in Bajracharya et al., 2005). Designation of protected areas can sometimes result in a variety of negative consequences for rural or local communities by means of restriction of access to traditionally used resources, disruption of local cultures and economies by tourists, resulting in social and cultural disruption and possibly enforced poverty (Mishra 1982 in Bajracharya et al., 2006). These issues have heightened concerns and have led to the growing recognition that for protected areas to be effective, local people need to be closely involved in their management (Wells B randon, 1992). Several research papers have emphasized that failure to recognize the relationship between nature and people can precipitate local social disruption among other negative impacts (Lane, 2001). The approach of community-based protected area management attempts to influence the thinking and attitudes with the hope that this will eventually lead to changes in behavior, although in some communities, such changes do not always occur (Infield Namara, 2001 in Bajracharya et al, 2005). Achieving community-based conservation is very complex. It is very difficult to stipulate a single value or goal onto an entire community of varying stakeholders as that can be restrictive and ultimately ineffective because it does not represent the community as a whole (Springer, 2006). The extent of variation depends on many factors, such as, the size and character of the community in question, the social cohesion of that particular community and the underlying motivation in making unified decisions (Mascia 2004 cited in Springer, 2006). There is no single, definitive framework that can direct diverse communities toward full agreement of any particular issue, thus encouraging communities to come to a decision that represents a broad spectrum of motivations will facilitate the formation and acceptance of alternative and perhaps even more creative solutions (Chrislip, 1994 in Springer, 2006). It is extremely necessary to understand the social dynamics of protected areas as it can hav e important implications for the implementation of management decisions. The central idea of community-based management or co-management as it is sometimes interchangeably referred, is the idea that if park managers can establish a cooperative relationship with local residents and park users, in which the responsibility is shared, then the task of the professional manager and the nature and importance of local management problems can be significantly changed (Lane, 2001). Establishing a cooperative relationship however depends on how the issue is addressed to stakeholders. Management must determine how best it can interact with the local community to achieve reciprocally acceptable goals (Springer, 2006). As suggested by Springer (2006), the best way to guarantee the accomplishment of these goals is through familiarity of the complex social connections within the community of interest (Springer, 2006). In order to gain an understanding of the intricate social dimensions of any community, it requires a close analysis of that particular community which will call for significant consultation and collaboration with various community members (Chrislip 1994, cited in Springer, 2006). This collaboration between conservation planners and stakeholders is crucial to integrating protected areas into the local socioeconomic fabric of the community, thus overcoming local opposition and behaviors that would otherwise undermine conservation goals while developing effective partnerships between local stakeholders and conservation planners (Lane, 2001). These co-management or community-based arrangements have the potential to provide economic benefits for local peoples (Smyth, 1992 cited in Lane 2001), however the extent of the economic benefit is determined by the nature of the relationship between the community and managers and the willingness of the managers to consider local economic issues (Lane, 2001). To achieve effective collaboration, approaches are required that effectively engage the local community in management and decision making, and that enable their livelihood needs to be adequately met (Bajracharya et al., 2006). This concept of linking conservation with community development has resulted in a major shift in conservation management, based on the assumption that if local communities derive some benefits from conservation, they will in turn be more likely to contribute to the conservation of biodiversity (Wells Brandon, 1992). This linkage of conservation ideals with the societal realm of protected areas addresses biological, cultural, economic and political concerns while empowering communities through effective collaboration and integration in conservation efforts (Granek and Brown, 2005). Before gaining local stakeholder and institutional participation, it is imperative that stakeholder education be a prerequisite to the planning and participation process. Educational programs should be implemented that acknowledge stakeholder concerns and educate stakeholders about the benefits and limitations of implementing a protected area. Granek and Brown (2005) showed in their studies on the Comoros Islands that educating about the natural history to local resource users resulted in greater understanding and appreciation of protecting local resources (Lundquist Granek, 2005). Education however, should not be limited to only stakeholders, but rather include scientists and managers to be educated on issues that will increase their understanding of the socioeconomic processes that will habitually affect implementation (Lundquist Granek, 2005). These processes include information on resource industries, political systems, legal frameworks for protection, social systems and consid eration of potential socioeconomic impacts of protected area designation. Education, though fundamental is not the only area in which focus needs to be placed. Of extreme importance as well is the need for the goal of the protected area to be clearly defined. Explicit goals and objectives that are defined early in the design process is important for improving communication and standardizing expectations of stakeholder groups (Lundquist Granek, 2005) thus allowing stakeholders to be fully aware of the expected outcomes and methods for measuring success consequently encouraging more willing support. Management examples Marine protected areas have met limited success in many developing countries and some researchers attribute part of these shortcomings to inadequate attention to the social context of conserving marine resources (Cinner, 2007). Marine protected areas are important in protecting the marine environment, but are also have substantial socio-cultural impacts (Badalamenti et al., 2000). In many MPAs, the success of the protective initiatives often tends to be proportional to the degree of involvement of the local community (West Brechin, 1991 cited in Badalamenti et al., 2000). Considering the fact that effective execution of community involvement programs is quite multifaceted, one may be curious as to how many programs have actually been implemented and what factors contributed to its success or demise. Granek and Brown (2005) conducted a 3 year study that analyzed the co-management practices implemented in Mohà ©li Marine Park, Comoros Islands. Their assessments proved that even though the co-management approach had some inevitable weaknesses, the strengths significantly benefited the park. Granek and Brown (2005) showed that co-management that integrated education, use of indigenous local knowledge, capacity building and community commitment provided partial mitigation where there was a lack of resources, weak governmental enforcement and inadequate scientific data. Through this integration, the local empowerment that resulted contributed to the development of a conservation ethic that provided potential for long-term success through local interest (Granek Brown, 2005). Co-management in the Mohà ©li Marine Park also proved to empower community leaders and therefore evaded traditional hierarchical political structure (Granek Brown, 2005). Involving the community proved to be of significance because this particular park lacked adequate scientific data, therefore requiring traditional knowledge as a substitute for limited ecological data. This in turn sparked local interest in being active in tracking the parks success. Unfortunately however, with these strengths also exists shortcomings of this co-management approach, for example, parks such as these that are based on limited scientific data and rely on traditional knowledge may hinder effectiveness. A lack of baseline data limits the ability of future research to quantitatively measure success (Granek Brown, 2005). There is also the problem of inadequate government resources that can affect the park success and although there is community involvement in monitoring and policing the park, lack of adequate government enforcement continues to affect its success. Other shortcomings include larger scale political and economic issues such as overpopulation, or lack of available funding which can undermine conservation efforts. However, all in all, the co-management of Mohà ©li Marine Park has been successful thus far and the park has seen a notable increase in ecotourism with an average of 200 visitors per year, and even though the designation and impl ementation of this park were limited by available science, technical and financial resources and federal personnel, it has been compensated by the strength and interest of the local community (Granek Brown, 2005). Successful community-based management has also been observed in the case of Puerto Morelos reef, Mà ©xico. In this MPA, the establishment and maintenance had five stages (a) community leaders who would participate in the project were identified (b) consensus on the need to protect the reef through discussion among stakeholders, NGOs and scientists were generated (c) involvement of government agencies in establishing the status of the MPA (d) take-over of decision-making by centralized government agencies and; (e) continues problem-solving process between the government and stakeholders (Rodrà ­guez-Martinà ©z, 2008). As previously mentioned, education plays an important role and in Puerto Morelos, public education was a main factor in gaining community support for the creation and management of the MPA. General education programs began in the early 1990s with participation of NGOs and scientists and expanded to schools with local teacher researchers, tourist operators and MPA pers onnel in 2003 (Rodrà ­guez-Martinà ©z, 2008). Permanent educational programs began in 2004 which were designed to teach tourist guides about the values, functions, uses and fragility of coral reefs in order to heighten their interest in coral reef conservation and to provide them with better tools for work (Rodrà ­guez-Martinà ©z, 2008). Visual aids and public awareness materials such as websites, booklets and fliers were also used to educated students and the wider public. The efforts put into community education highly contributed to an increase in the willingness to accept the MPA designation and also allowed all community sectors to be open to participation during and after the creation phase. The ultimate result is that Puerto Morelos reef has a very cohesive management strategy that gives the community a sense of ownership of the process and readiness to comply, resulting in an increase in the development of social capital. Pollnac et al., (2001) examined the factors that influence the success of community-based marine protected areas in the Visayas, Philippines. The Phillipines is an extreme example where governmental policy, international aid, universities and NGOs have resulted in the establishment of over 400 MPAs (Pollnac et al., 2001). However, only about 20-25 percent of these MPAs in the Phillipines are successful, raising concern that this high failure rate may result in the rejection of the community-based approach. This study was conducted on 45 community-based marine protected areas in the Phillipines to conclude what factors led to the small success rate and whether or not these factors can be used to better the situation of the other 75 percent of MPA designation. At the conclusion of their study, it was indicated that six main factors appeared to be the most important in the overall success of the community-based MPAs on their sample. Population size was the first observed factor, where the population sizes of the successful MPAs was noted to be relatively small (Pollnac et al., 2001). It was observed that for initial cooperation, a perceived crisis was needed before the project was started, for example reduced fish populations. There was also the need for successful alternative income projects considering the community may not be able to use the resource after protection was designated. A relatively high level of community participation in the decision making process that was high on the democracy scale with, continuing advice from the implementing organization along with inputs from the municipal government were also noted. Though these factors were deemed the most important, it is important to note that they are not the only contributors and even though they worked in these areas the factors may differ in other areas. Hind et al. (2008) conducted studies in Apo Island, Phillipines in attempt to show the benefits of community involvement (bottom-up approach). This study analyzed the effects of the transition of Apo Island from being rated one of the best community-involved MPAs to changing into a top-down, solely governmental organized MPA. Observations showed that the MPA went from being fully supported by the community to complete community disenchantment. This change in management strategy by governmental take over resulted in the exclusion of the community and stakeholder input, resulting is lack of interest and compliance to regulations. Considering the complex heterogeneity of the existing community within the Buccoo Reef and Bon Accord region, sole community management may be very difficult to achieve as there will be a plethora of opinions and personal preferences to appease. Considering the aforementioned examples of successful community management of MPAs where the communities involved are somewhat fluid and more dependent on the resource and thus focused on the goal of conservation rather than that of personal gain as the community of Buccoo Reef, leads to another obstacle in achieving effective community management. This therefore lends to the suggestion of a combination of both top-down and bottom-up strategies to ensure effective management. Recognition is growing for such a combined management strategy as being ideal, as it is an approach that is government-driven but also heavily involves stakeholders (MPA connections). This therefore can lead to an increase in the social capital of the region as involveme nt in the decision making process can heighten interest in conservation and protection of the MPA. In the Caribbean there are said to be greater than 285 MPAs (Burke and Maidens, 2004). The management success of these parks highly varies, with some just being paper parks, and others being successfully managed (see figure 8). In order to obtain this information, Burke and Maidens (2004) analyzed effectiveness of MPAs based on four major criteria: the presence of management activity and to what extent enforcement is executed, the presence of a management plan and the presence of resources. The results obtained showed that as much as 49% of MPAs in the Caribbean region are deemed as being inadequate with only 5% being considered good. Some studies suggest that MPAs are frequently unsuccessful as a reef conservation strategy especially in developing countries, where socio-economic factors such as poverty can drive resource exploitation and the capacity for enforcement is often lacking (McClanahan 1999, in Cinner, 2007). Tourism and Carrying Capacity Tourism is the fastest growing sector of the global economy, and in most countries, coastal tourism is the largest sector of this industry (Tourism and Recreation). In many countries, especially developing small island states, tourism contributes a significant and growing portion of GDP and is often the major course of foreign exchange (Tourism and Recreation). In 1998, direct and indirect GDP from travel and tourism in the Caribbean was over US$28 billion, accounting for approximately 25% of the regions total GDP (WTTC 1999 in Tourism and Recreation). In the Caribbean, tourism is largely coastal or marine in nature and has been built upon the traditional aesthetic appeal of beaches, a marine environment suitable for a range of recreational activities, and warm weather conditions all year round (Tourism and Recreation). Considering the lure of the natural environment, the tourism industry within the Caribbean benefits largely from pristine surroundings, and thus, uncontrolled expansi on and mismanagement can harm the very resources on which it is based (WTTC et al., 1997 in Tourism and Recreation). Tourism growth rates vary greatly among Caribbean states, with U.S. Virgin Islands and Puerto Rico being 15-19% between 1990 and 1994, while that of Grenada, Aruba, Trinidad and Tobago and the Caymans reported as being 33-37% growth, and that of Belize , St. Lucia and Guadeloupe amounting to as much as 50-65% growth for the same time period (Tourism and Recreation). Marine protected areas are established for the primary purpose of conservation or preservation (Agardy et al., 2003), but their multiple use designation often incorporates a recreation and tourism component (Sorice et al., 2007). Undoubtedly, these use values benefit local and regional economies while also raising awareness and support of coral reef conservation, but unfortunately however, tourism and recreation participation can pose various threats to the marine resources, especially to fragile ecosystems such as coral reefs (Sorice et al., 2007). This illustrates the well-known concept of tourism as a double-edged sword and the tenuous balance between positive and negative impacts (Diedrich, 2007). In the past 20 years, there have been larger increases in visitation to marine protected areas in many parts of the world (Inglis et al., 1999).With this increase, is an associated increase in rates of participation in marine related activities such as snorkeling, scuba diving and reef walking (David and Tisdell, 1995) and thus, MPAs are increasingly challenged to maintain or increase tourism benefits while striving to protect the resource (Sorice at al., 2007). Tourism has been thought of as a low-impact coral reef use, relative to extractive practices such as harvesting corals and fish for commercial purpose (Talge, 1993 in Zakai and Chadwick-Furman, 2002), however recent evidence has demonstrated that reefs may become degraded as a result of poor planned or intensive tourist use (Jameson et al., in Zakai and Chadwick-Furman, 2002). A number of studies have demonstrated that recreation and tourism activities such as scuba diving and snorkeling are threats to coral reefs because touching, standing, or trampling on reefs can cause serious damage such as coral breakage, abrasion and mortality (Hawkins et al., 1999 in Needham, 2010). Studies conducted on reef flats in Egypt have proven that heavily trampled reef flat areas showed a linear increase of coral damage with increased trampling intensities resulting in reduced coral cover, higher amounts of coral damage, less old dead coral, less obligate corallivorous fishes and more herbivores (Leu jak, Ormond, 2007). Considering these findings, it might become necessary to restrict the number of visitors to a site, which raises the question: How much use is too much? In order to attempt to answer such a question, one must consider looking at the notion of carrying capacity. Carrying capacity in tourism is a term used often to measure the level of tourism or tourism development an area can accommodate without adverse effects on the resident community, the natural environment, or the quality of visitor experience (UNEP AND WTO, 1992 in Tourism and Recreation). The basic concept of carrying capacity, the need for a limit of threshold in the tourist activity is present in one way or other in the concerns and priorities of local policy makers for sustainable tourism development (Kostopoulou and Kyritsis, 2006). However, to the extent that tourism related pressures on the natural environment create problems on the functioning of protected areas, management agencies need to determine what the various thresholds should be (Kostopoulou and Kyritsis, 2006). When considering thresholds, research has proposed two distinct carrying capacity concepts. Firstly there is the notion of, ecological or biological carrying capacity, defined by Martin and Uysal (1990) as the maximum number of tourists that can be accommodated without causing excessive environmental degradation; and by Hawkins and Roberts (1997) as the amount of use below which an ecosystem can tolerate the amount of disturbance or stress, but above which degradation ensues (Leujak and Ormond, 2008). Secondly, there is the concept of social carrying capacity, which is defined as the level of use before a decline in users recreation experience ensues (OReilly et al., 1986). Social carrying capacity has been proposed as a management tool for use in coastal tourism, with a decline in attractiveness of a beach location, as detected by a decline in visitor numbers being taken as an indicator of unsustainable resource use (OReilly, 1986). Any tourist destination where the environment is important can lose its attractiveness through either deterioration of the environment most likely due to crowding. Several studies have been undertaken to investigate visitor perceptions, mostly in terrestrial settings, with only a few in marine environments (Leujak and Ormond, 2007). However these studies have confirmed crowding as one of the major factors contributing to visitor dissatisfaction (Hoover et al., 1985 in Leujak and Ormond, 2007), with perceptions of crowding depending on different factors such as visitor characteristics and the location where encounters take place (O Reilly et al., 1986). Studies have shown that crowding norms appear strongly dependant on expe ctations, with visitors with greater experience of nature being more sensitive to visitor density (Manning 1985 in Leujak and Ormond, 2007). Intensified recreational use has been shown to reduce recreational enjoyment as negative impacts such as litter, or damage to plants, trees or corals tend to reduce aesthetic appeal and overall experience, although individuals with a lower degree of environmental concern appear to be more accepting of such impacts (Priskin, 2003 in Leujak and Ormond, 2007). Visitor behavior also has an influence on a locations carrying capacity, as visitors may either simply not be aware of the impact they are having, they may be unable to change their behavior as a result of inexperience (for example inexperienced snorkelers or weak swimmers may be in need of instant rest while being out on a reef), or they may be unaware if existing regulations (Leujak and Ormond, 2007). As such it is important to take visitor perception, awareness and satisfaction into accou nt when accessing any tourist destination, or in this case, a protected area as it can provide essential information for sustainable management (Daily 2000, in Uyarra et al., 2009). Leujak and Ormond (2007) used this notion of social carrying capacity and administered questionnaires at various park locations in Egypt which addressed activity preference, coral reef knowledge and park regulation awareness. Visitor perception of reef quality and crowding were also taken into consideration. Based on their findings, it was estimated that to achieve a greater than 50% of visitors being satisfied about reef health, average coral cover would need to be around 25 to 30%, whereas a decrease of coral cover to 20% would leave only 40% of visitors satisfied and a reduction to 10% would leave only 25% satisfied (Leujak and Ormond, 2007). Results from this study showed that experienced recreationalists were more susceptible to overcrowding, preferring fewer people, whereas the less experienced showed preference to larger crowds. Various literatures have stated that determining the carrying capacity of a reef system is highly specific and still somewhat not fully understood. Ho wever, despite the difficulty of accurately assessing the carrying capacity of coral reefs for recreational use, the concept of carrying capacity remains an important and useful tool for coral reef management (Davis and Tisdell, 1995). Management must develop a concept that establishes the best allowable rate of visitation for the specific park in question as there is no one way to determine this since each site will have varying factors acting on it. It is important to assess these factors in order to allow for sustainable tourism within any protected area. The management plan of BRMP has indicated the need to establish some sort of cap on visitation to the reef in order to achieve sustainable usage however no methods to achieving this goal have been mentioned. Sustainable tourism development not only has the potential for longer-term economic benefits for a community, but also can serve to limit environmental degradation (Tourism and Recreation).

Case Analysis Ford Motor Company Essay

Introduction Ford Motor Company is one of the largest multinational automaker in the world and part of the Detroit Big Three, along with GM and Chrysler. Since its inception in June 16, 1903, Ford has gone through many ups and downs. Competition from domestic and international manufacturers, globalization, advancements of technology and the great economic downturn in 2007-2008 meant that Ford had to rethink several of its strategic decisions if it had to survive in the marketplace. When Henry Ford started the company, automobiles were a luxury good that could only be afforded by the rich. He wanted to provide these vehicles to the general public at an affordable price, because Ford believed that this product had the potential to transform society. As such, he focused on production and supply chain efficiency related to the implementation of the assembly line manufacturing process and Ford’s vertically integrated supply chain to produce automobiles at a mass scale. The US auto market was pr imarily dominated by the US Big Three, but this changed during the early 70s and 80s. The increase in gas prices and need for fuel efficient vehicles saw consumers seeking out for Japanese imports, which met the new fuel efficiency standards. The market already was beginning to get competitive. In order to act, Ford tried to cut it costs by downsizing its workers and plants, whereas the need was fuel efficient cars. Ford later regained some of its market in 1988 by diversifying its product offerings by purchasing luxury European brands. It tapped the Chinese market as well beating GM in 1997. Ford had to cut many of its workforces and sell many of its plants during these periods in order to keep costs at a minimum level. The economic downturn of 2007-2008 saw the automobile manufacturers taking a big hit. They were reduced to a position where they needed to ask the US government for a $34 billion bailout. Many uncertainties remained as to what had to be done to sustain in the future. The biggest strategic change came with the decision to hire Alan Mulally in 2006. Mulally made many effective and important changes to Ford’s corporate structure, such as, the ONE Ford plan to create a leaner, more efficient global enterprise and return the company to profitability. Under his guidance, Ford had to restructure its entire business as it was the only way to survive in the highly competitive market. Every step taken by Ford has been risky, but they have yielded result. Ford has overcome challenges of  heavy competition, economic depression and threat of bankruptcy. It is a prime example of how exceptional leadership and strategic skills can help overcome hardships despite turbulent times. Situation analysis 3I Analysis Immediate Competitors Ford Motor Company is operating as one of the leading competitors in the US Automobile Market with 18.4 % of the total market share. The two major competitors of Ford are Chrysler Group LLC and General Motors (GM) with market shares of 11.4% and 20.4% respectively. These leading players of the US Automobile market, together, are known as â€Å"The Detroit Three† and are operating as the key local competitors of the US market. Among the other major global competitors of Ford, Toyota and Honda are competing with market shares of 10.5% and 8% respectively. Impending Competitors Comparatively smaller players of the US Automobile market may pose a threat to Ford Motor Company in near future. Competitors such as Kia (4.3%), Hyundai (5.6%), and Nissan (6.8%) are also trying to firmly hold their position in the automobile market. Mazda, BMW, Mercedes, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Volvo, and Suzuki are also operating as impending competitors of Ford within the automobile market, contributing to 26.3% of the remaining market shares. These competitors can potentially extend their business operations in future and change their strategies that may directly or indirectly affect the operations of Ford Motor Company. Invisible Competitors In spite of potential risk factors, the automobile industry of US is a lucrative industry to compete in. Hence, China and India are expected to expand their automobile business to US very soon. China has already displayed automobiles of Brilliance, Geely, Great Wall, and BYD at the US Auto Shows. BYD specializing on fuel efficient cars may pose a major threat to Ford Motor Company in future. The European market can also become a  potential threat by launching new and sustainable automobiles in the US market and may succeed due to advanced innovation and sustainable manufacturing processes. General analysis Economic: Gas prices quadrupled during the 70s and 80s when the Middle Eastern OPEC nations halted exports to the US and other European nations. The global economic downturn of 2008 saw the US auto sales declining by 37% compared to the last year. Ford, GM and Chrysler had to go to Washington DC to ask the government for $34 billion bailout. In 2011, the earthquake in Japan disrupted production and rising gas prices affected consumer demand. Political/Legal: New vehicle sales in 2009 received support from the federal government when US president Barack Obama signed the â€Å"Cash for Clunkers† bill into law in June. Rules and regulations on vehicle mileage and emission standards are established by the federal government. After talks with the automakers, the Obama Administration eased the requirements to 54.5 mpg, with a 3.5 percent per year increase in fuel efficiency for light trucks through 2021, but kept the requirement for passenger cars at 5%. Environmental: When a massive earthquake and tsunami hit Japan in March 2011, Japanese automakers and parts suppliers experienced major disruptions in their operations and declared that productions would probably not reach normal levels before fall. The increasing global focus on sustainability and need to develop alternate power sources for vehicles, increasing population has led to increase in fuel demand, thus leading to higher gas prices and an increased impact on the environment. Recently the Obama Administration and the auto manufacturers were in negotiations over new standards that could reduce global warming emissions by millions of tons per year and decrease oil imports by billions of barrels during the life of the program. Technological: Today’s consumers are technology-savvy than ever before and with the vast amount of information available on the internet they have access to an almost unlimited amount of information to compare products to determine the vehicles that meet their needs. An alternative to fuel known as biofuel or â€Å"farm fuel† E85 might reduce US dependency on foreign oil and develop a domestic industry that supports farmers. Hydrogen fuel cell vehicles are still in the early stages of development but have the potential to reduce US dependency on foreign oil significantly and lower emissions that cause climate change. Social: Many of the newer models of cars target the Generation Y buyers, as they are important to automakers because they help set trends, from popularizing social media sites to technologies. Industry analysis Threat of product substitutes: High. In the 70s and 80s, the three large US automobile manufacturers which produced larger, heavier and less fuel efficient vehicles saw decline in sales while sales of Japanese imports, which met the new efficiency standards, increased. Electric/gasoline powered hybrid vehicles are the most widely used alternative powered vehicles today and many companies offer fully electric vehicles as well. As the population increases, roads and highways become more congested. Many urban areas are developing or enhancing public transportation systems such as light rail systems and subways, as well as increasing bus routes and schedules. Intensity of rivalry: High The US automotive industry faces heavy competition not only through domestic companies (Ford, GM and Chrysler), but from foreign competitors as well. In 2006, Ford, GM and Chrysler faced intense competition from foreign manufacturers such as Toyota, Nissan and Honda. Supplier power: Medium The auto industry obtains resources from a wide array of firms globally. Although the number of suppliers has decreased since the recession, some of the survivors are growing and beginning to diversify. Many suppliers rely  heavily on the auto industry for a large part of their revenue. Some suppliers even went out of business during the economic downturn and decline of the US auto industry, and more were hurt by the earthquake in Japan in 2011. It is extremely important for auto manufacturers to develop and maintain strong relationships with their suppliers to gain access to their best technologies and receive priority order fulfillment in case of material or product shortages. Buyer power: High Today’s technology-savvy consumers have access to a vast amount of information to compare products to determine the vehicles to meet their needs. Many well-informed consumers choose to shop and negotiate pricing between dealerships, while others prefer not to negotiate pricing at all. As US manufacturers lost market share to their Asian competitors, they realized the need to revise their business plans to place a much higher priority on customer satisfaction, thus creating customers for life. Threat of new entrants: High Factors such as capital requirements, economies of scale, need for distribution channel and threat of retaliation make it unlikely for a new entrant to emerge within the US. However, new entrants can succeed in the US market, as evident by the Asian automakers. Automakers established in foreign markets have been able to gain a foothold by exporting to the US and targeting a niche market. New entrants to the US auto market will eventually come from China and India among others. Marketing and Sales: Ford is now focused on building only the two remaining brands Ford and Lincoln. They now offers product mix to meet the demand of people of all classes They reach the customer through traditional media like radio, newspaper, TV commercials and by also using the social sites. They are also sponsoring famous shows and events like American Idol Service: According to the J.D. Power 2011 Automotive performance, Execution and Layout study all Ford’s newer vehicles have earned the fuel efficiency rating that were above the segment average The F-50 truck is the only large pickup that received the award for both performance and appeal in 2011 Supportive Activities: Human Resource: Ford is best in cutting off company’s employees to improve production or to face any awkward situation like loss for example In 80’s to cover up the loss resulting of not having fuel efficiency facility it cut off its workforce and close plants In August 2001 Ford eliminate 4500 to 5000 of its salaried employees using early retirement incentives In early 2002 ford closed 3 North American assembly plants for which 35000 worldwide jobs were cutoff In 2006 Ford cut 25000 to 30000 hourly jobs and 12% of management positions. It further cut 10000 white-collar job. In 2012 it closed 14 facilities as part of massive restructuring plant Technology development: Ford has invested a lot in the development of fuel efficiency and currently they have 12 vehicles with best in class fuel economy. Not only in fuel efficiency they are also improving in initial quality and appeal  (performance, execution and layout) Though they are laggards but atlast they managed to develop self-parking and blind spot detection facility. In 2011 they invested in hybrid and plug-in-hybrid and they also introduced turbocharged EcoBoost V6 engine They are in the way to introduce intelligence vehicle technology Procurement: Ford signed an agreement with Azure Dynamic Corp. to install plug in hybrid power trains in the F series super duty trucks. Financial analysis Market Share (in volume): From the above two pie charts, the market winners and losers in 2011 can be interpreted financially with the number of cars and light trucks they sold compared to the market sales as a whole (in volume): Profit over time: The following data represents Ford Motor’s net income from year 2001 to 2010: During 2001, Ford has been in bad shape financially making a loss of $162412 million. From before that time Ford was having a hard time to come back and had undertaken downsizing strategy from quite a time to lower its cost as per their profit structure. This trend continued in 2001 as well but the entrant of a CEO in July 2001 made a slight change in the strategy though it kept on with the legacy of downsizing, it also discontinued models that were unprofitable. Hence, with this strategy profits were expected but this didn’t work out, mainly because of the unstable environment of the terrorist attack in September 11, 2001. From year 2002 onward till 2005, Ford was making a bit of profit but still heavily relied on downsizing its employees from time to time. But Ford started making some major losses from 2006 onwards and in order to make this work Alan Mulally was appointed as the CEO. Hence, it came in light that Ford needed a complete restructure in order to cut down costs, lower its debts, increase its revenues, and earn higher profits. Hence, downsizing strategy continued as well but this time with the introduction of new products, discontinuing the outdated ones keeping up with changing consumer trends. With some great decisions the company was recovering and hence, lowered its net loss by 78% in 2007 compared to 2006: however, once again unfavorable economic conditions in 2008 with global downturn pulled the net loss deep down which was more than the net loss made in year 2006 which resulted in the use of downsizing once again. With this Ford applied for bailed out funds, which was rejected and was the cause for their popularity gaining more customers. And hence, with proper planning, and complete restructure of Ford, it earned profits during 2009 and 2010 with effective strategies. As seen in the graph below, Ford has definitely experienced lower sales from 2001 to 2010: but it managed to come back in 2009 and 2010 with providing cars that customer wants: which they didn’t follow earlier.