Explain Factors Influencing Ageing, and Explain Ways in...

P1 explain theories of ageing. In this assignment I will be explain 4 theories and link it to a scenario that was given by the teacher in class. Sociological/psychological theories; * Disengagement theory * Activity theory Biological theories: * Genetically programmed theory * Disposable soma theory * Disengagement theory This theory Cumming and Henry in 1961 suggests that when Andy is to get older he will withdraw from the society in preparation for death and this could be because the society is becoming less likely to engage with and include older people. Therefore this could lead Andy to feel lonely and not wanted in society itself. Cumming and Henry argued that this was a consequence of people learning their†¦show more content†¦However, others argue that society prevents other people for maintaining major activity in older age which keeps them independent. For example, if the older person was to go to a care home when he or she is incapable to look after themselves in the health care settings encourage the activity theory by ensuring the services user(s) have activities to keep them motivated and interested in others around them throughout the day. * Genetically programmed theory The Program Theory has a theme of a biological clock or life pacemaker for each person. In order to affect this process of aging throughout the organism, the pacemaker tissue or organ must have a widespread interaction with all organ systems. In 1992 Kola demonstrated that genetic programming can evolve an agent that that took in to account multiple sub-goals. Aging, though it is usually defined as a biological process, it is also the gathered development of change with time. Aging is a continuous, complex and dynamic process that begins even before birth and ends with death. Unless death occurs at an early age, all humans grow old and experience the effects of the aging process. The process of aging does not

“A Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective” Free Essays

string(41) " those associated with other modalities\." Words â€Å"A Personalised Induction will always be more effective†. Discuss. Base your answer on theoretical concepts and techniques presented in class. We will write a custom essay sample on â€Å"A Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective† or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"There are many standardised procedures for the induction of hypnosis, but all have the aim of relaxing the patient and encouraging him or her to focus awareness inwardly† (Hadley amp; Staudacher, 1996, page 19). When a person decides to undergo hypnotherapy, an induction is required to ensure they are sufficiently relaxed to experience the process completely. Various formats are used, depending on why the hypnosis is being undertaken (such as; giving up smoking, weight loss). Some hypnotherapists use a standard format while others personalise the script to each individual. There are many techniques a therapist can adopt to suit the client and their personality, but this must be based on first impressions and using the techniques to better define that person and as a result give successful counselling. It is these techniques that will be addressed in further detail in the following essay. One year ago I attended an interview for the role I am currently employed in. My manager conducted the interview and displayed many of the personal traits I would expect such as; to encourage and support, be understanding of my level of skills and interested in my development. I accepted the role and a big part of my decision was based on the characteristics displayed by my manager. Unfortunately, my first impressions were amiss and my manager turned out to be a very different person. Although I have found the last year one of the most challenging in my working life, I realise that I have learnt valuable lessons when trying to determine a person by first impressions. Had I structured my questions to my manager more effectively, could I have learnt more about their style of working and seen their true traits? Now I wonder, had I known their true traits and not taken the role, would this have been a bad decision due to having learnt and grown so much as an individual while being under their management? Humans may appear to possess similar characteristics at times but, we are very different and our personalities can change from day to day. We will all have been brought up in different environments giving us different likes and dislikes and having different opinions on the world. History tells us that old styles of hypnosis were more of an authoritarian approach, where those such as Franz Anton Mesmer, would command their clients into a trance. In today’s world, where cultural change has taken effect on people, this approach would not be suitable for some individual’s due to people’s unique characters which need to be considered when assessing a client. In hypnosis we have to rely on words to communicate with our clients. It may come as a surprise that language makes up only 7% of our communication. Body language is our main way of communicating at 55% followed by tone and volume at 38%. This is why it is so important to find out the client’s likes and dislikes, their personality and to gain trust very early in the client / therapist relationship. So, how can we find out all of this information? Our brain receives information via our senses internally so we can assess it and learn how to act on it. So, what we feel internally is usually what we show on the outside. Our primary senses are referred to as what we: see, hear, touch and feel. Our smell and taste are what some would refer to as our secondary senses. In most cases we will have a preferred sense that we turn to in a particular situation, however we will use all of them at different times in our everyday life. We can also train ourselves to be more equal in using our different senses. These senses are known as Modalities. â€Å"Hypnosis and NLP both influence the subconscious mind. In many ways, hypnosis and NLP are opposite sides of the same coin and when they are combined they become arguably the most powerful tool for human evolution that has ever been developed† (Hypnosis and NLP article, The Human mind). Lateral Eye Movements (LEM) is a well known discovery of NLP (Neuro-Linguistic Programming), albeit controversial. It was first suggested to be related to internal representation by American Psychologist, William James (Principles of Psychology, 1890, page 193-195). Many psychologists followed to support this theory and began to explore the relationship between eye movements and different senses. For example, looking up and to the left is non-dominant visualisation, remembered imagery. Looking down and to the left is internal self-talk. It is important to remember that people will have gained habitual eye movements, so a therapist must feel confident in knowing how read a client’s eye movements to determine any characteristics or trustworthy traits. Those therapists adopting the personalised method carry out a preliminary interview to determine their client’s primary modality. They may use questionnaires, or a series of questions on behaviour, appearance and personality, to find out what kind of speech patterns and style the client would be most receptive to. The three primary modalities are: Kinaesthetic (Feeling) This represents a person who thinks in terms of feeling or physical actions, both internally and externally and will also use words that tend to reflect this. So, the person will speak of how something feels such as; rough or smooth and the word feel will be used often. The person will speak in lower, deeper tones breathing naturally deeply from their abdomen. LEM will usually be down to the right, tactile and intuitive, with gestures of body language focussed on their mid to lower body. These are people who would describe feeling their future within their grasp. Visual (Sight) A visual person will tend to use visual words and think in pictures. That person will also tend to be more receptive to visual words rather than those associated with other modalities. You read "â€Å"A Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective†" in category "Papers" This person will be inclined to use the words see, look, imagine and refer to shapes, colours and sizes. LEM is likely to be defocused or up to the left (remembered visualisation) or to the right (constructed visualisation, fantasy). A visual person may describe their future as bright. Auditory (Hearing) An auditory person will think in terms of sounds or language and the speech and language will tend to reflect the same. Words such as hear, listen and harmony will be commonly used and they may refer to things by their loudness or quietness or by their frequency. They may also be sensitive to obtrusive sounds. An auditory person will imagine sounds by using their auditory system. They tend to have a melodic voice and may tilt their head to one side when listening. An auditory person might be told by a little bird that their future will be great. When we speak normally, we might use visual, auditory and kinaesthetic words, but when we are being very serious or emotional, it can become pparent of how a person uses their modality for thinking. People’s modalities and characteristics change. On an initial consultation someone may seem auditory and the therapist may therefore adopt an authoritarian approach. However, on the next meeting the client could display a different more prominent modality rendering the first one ineffective. This can be helped by compounding, this means adding two or more of the modalities to the script, for example; kinaesthetic with visual. The question then is, why not do this for all inductions? As mentioned earlier, one of the well known techniques of hypnotic induction and ways of suggesting things to a person once in a hypnotic state of trance is, authoritarian (direct suggestion). The other technique is known as permissive (indirect suggestion). The Permissive technique was devised by Milton Erickson, a psychologist and psychiatrist of the twentieth century. This technique is nurturing and can be known as the ‘mother figure’. It gives a client choice by using phrases such as; †¦ you may like to close your eyes†¦ †¦ you might want to remove your jacket to make yourself as comfortable as possible†¦ The words are caring and give the client a sense of safety which can often mean that the style of the script is more imaginative. Hence this would suit a client who is imaginative and tends not to challenge ideas and realities. Authoritarian scripts will have no choices, but be direct and logical. Although it can contain imagery, it will not be to the level that can be reached using a permissive style. The authoritarian style can also be known as the ‘father figure’ where the therapist is shown to be in complete control at all times. Authoritarian scripts refer to the client’s ‘powerful subconscious mind’ and use phrases such as: .. close your eyes knowing you will always be in control†¦ †¦ use the powerful ability of your subconscious mind to concentrate on your breathing†¦ Although this style may seem harsh to some people, it can work well on those with a busy mind who don’t like choices. This is a reaction to the confidence an d ability shown by the therapist that gives a client comfort that they know what they are doing. Sigmund Freud versus Milton Erickson Freud would demand his client to slip into a trance, he found this very difficult to get results from however, as he believed that suggestibility was a symptom of neurosis. Freud believed in being the powerful practitioner and felt uncomfortable using a technique that seemed to access unconscious thought processes, which he believed were the weapons of dark and ugly aspects of the human mind. Erickson on the other hand, who came along decades later, saw no harm in letting people feel in charge of their positive changes. He believed in letting a person’s own mind interpret the suggestion in a way to make the best out of the relaxation process. Erickson did this by structuring the language used in making a suggestion to give the client the right to choose to comply with his suggestion. This gives the client more responsibility. Although it is evident that direct techniques can be powerful and effective, they do not seem to give as much scope to encourage such a positive impact as an indirect approach. Both the authoritarian and permissive techniques can be successful and both are still adopted by therapists today. It will ultimately depend on the therapist themselves and how they mould and carry out the technique upon the client in order to encourage successful positive change, this is supported by Karle and Boys (1987), page 28. A personalised induction can make a person feel special and taken care of. But, are we then forgetting that people are unique and although you can get an idea of someone on first impressions; you cannot tell everything you need to know about them, which could be crucial in the approach taken to form their induction. Imagine the impact if visual words of the sea and â€Å"†¦ sinking deeper into relaxation†¦ † were used when a person has a fear of drowning. In hypnosis we rely on the client and ourselves as the therapists, we cannot ask anyone else. It seems evident throughout this essay that the relationship between the client and therapist is paramount. By trusting the therapist, a client will feel more open to ideas and the suggestions given to them. This is supported by Heap and Dryden (1991), page 18. After writing a number of specific scripts to suit the primary modalities and incorporating both direct and indirect techniques; I have found that this is, to some extent, already moulding an induction to certain groups of personalities. There are examples of where a personalised induction would not be effective and one of these is for groups. A therapist would not be able to effectively write a script that is specific to more than one person as no two people are the same. A standard format would not only save time, but could also be used on numerous clients, whereas a personalised one could not. At the beginning of my research I felt that a personalised induction had many risks involved with first impressions and the time taken to write each individual script. However, I do believe that by personalising an induction would give a better chance of the client being receptive to the words which undoubtedly encourages successful positive change. Bibliography Boys, H. K. (1987). Hypnotherapy: A practical handbook. London: Free Association Books. Chrysalis (2012). Diploma in Psychotherapeutic Counselling: Year One Hypnotherapy and Counselling Skills – Module Two, Hypnosis and Mental Health. Dryden, M. H. (1991). Hypnotherapy: A Handbook. Milton Keynes, Philadelphia: Open University Press. Encyclopedia of Mental Disorders (2012). Hypnotherapy article, Advameg Inc. Hypnosis and NLP article (2010). Hypnotic Strategies: authoritative and direct, permissive and indirect. Staudacher, H. amp;. (1996). Hypnosis for Change. Oakland: New Harbinger Publications, Inc. How to cite â€Å"A Personalised Induction Will Always Be More Effective†, Papers

Flannery OConnor Deceit to the Extreme free essay sample

This paper discusses use of deceit as a character strengthening tool in her work. Using various pieces by Flannery OConnor, the effectiveness of deceptive characters is argued as a tool for more realistic and applicable conflict, and eventually promotion of positive moral values. `In her stories, Flannery OConnor often uses deceit as a tool to make her characters more appealing to her audience and to provide a central point of conflict. It is the one thing that almost everyone can relate to, either from having been deceptive or having been the object of deception. OConnor used her Catholic background as a strong influence in her writing, and the fact that she uses deceit so frequently in her stories may have something to do with the fact that many accounts in the bible depict deceit as a typical trait of humanity. It was, after all, one of the first sins committed after Adam and Eve had eaten from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil. We will write a custom essay sample on Flannery OConnor: Deceit to the Extreme or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Thereafter, Eve bore Cain and Abel. When God asked Cain where his brother was, although Cain had slain Abel and knew what he had done, he replied I know not: Am I my brothers keeper? This gives the first account of the nature of humans to deceive (Genesis 4:8-9).`

The BBC and ITV Essay Example

The BBC and ITV Paper Television is certainly one of the most influential forces of our time. Through the device called a television or TV, you are able to receive news, sports, entertainment, information and commercials. Television has change the way we live our lives, from the way we receive the new or manage our money. The television era has made a huge impact and is here to stay. Starting from the small black and white image we used to receive on big wooden boxes to huge, flat, plasma screens. It is a huge improvement in technology and has benefited us from easy access to stock prices and travel information through CEEFAX too the way you can get your bank information on digital. It has been the biggest form of communication before the internet. Recent studies has proved that the internet is taking over the viewings of TV from the way I has 1950-1959 was an exciting time period for television. In the USA, BW television exploded onto the scene at the beginning of the decade, mid-decade saw electronic colour television and remote controls launched, and at the end of the decade the public witnessed some interesting styling changes and the introduction of transistorised television. The toddler was becoming an adolescent. The knowledge of the companies that broadcast our programs is worrying, they know how many people are watching, what class, family numbers and many other useful pieces of information that help them sell advertising information. We will write a custom essay sample on The BBC and ITV specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The BBC and ITV specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The BBC and ITV specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It isnt the broadcasters that research it but larger companies that get this information from questionnaires and a system called BARB. This has brought the television more customers than anything else, they know who is going to be home mid day and who gets home after 7 and have used intelligence to sell there programs. This exploded in the mid 80s where before they wouldnt have the technology to record all of this. The control of the TV has stayed in the BBCs hands; this is understandable as they get the licence fees from all the public who wish to watch the television. The BBC and ITV has help to revolutionise the way we watch terrestrial television it tries to have something for the whole family so they can all watch at the same time, they mix well know childrens presenters with adult issues, this keeps both sides interested! The control of what is seen on the box has changed considerably since the 50s, to think that the Carry on set of films caused an upset to think what they would be saying to the things we are able to see on TV now. It has all become very visual with todays society where sex and social class is on the front line of advertising. It is even certain to say TV has become part of our society, where thousands tune in just to see people with even more problems than them! British companies own our current channels and have done for many years but recently there has been Plans to allow companies from outside Europe to buy UK television and radio stations and will be pushed through despite objections from MPs. As Rupert Murdock is rumoured to wanting to buy channel 5, he owns News corp.

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buy custom Education and Technology essay This literature review assesses the current researches on the impact of modern technology on education practices. Russel et al (2003) assesses the extent to which technology is used for instructional purposes. The research by Russel et al explores the different attitudes that are adopted by newly recruited teachers compared to their experienced counterparts. The paper also analyzes the influence of mobile wireless technologies in higher education settings as highlighted by Kim, Mims Holmes (2006). These researchers found out that PDAs, wireless computers and web-enabled mobile phones are the most commonly used wireless mobile technologies in higher education settings. The research literature review also reviewed the findings of Teo (2008), whose focus was on the beliefs about the effects of technology among teachers and students. Russell et al (2003) collected survey data from 2,984 teachers within 22 Massachusetts districts for use in the analysis of the extent of technology use for instructional purposes. Their study provided evidence that teachers use technology more for purposes of preparation and communication than for the delivery of instruction or assignment of learning activities that require technology use. However, important differences were found among newly recruited teachers compaed to their colleagues who were more experienced. New teachers, according to Russell et al (2003) tend to be more comfortable with use of new technology for preparation compared to experienced teachers. The experienced teachers, according to the research appeared comfortable using technology during delivery of instruction or stimulating students to engage in learning activities. Kim, Mims Holmes (2006) carried out an assessment of the various types of mobile wireless technologies that are used in higher education. There of the most popular mobile wireless technologies that were examined include PDAs, wireless computers, and web-enabled mobile phones. In each of these technologies, a unique technical infrastructure is needed for access to network resources. However, all of them share many benefits in higher education environments, such as real-time and anywhere access, simplicity in installation, less wiring, reduced cost, flexibility, improvement in communication, scalability and spherical access (Kim, Mims Holmes, 2006). However, before mobile wireless technologies can be adopted in higher education settings, all related issues and challenges should be addressed. The most critical concern is security-related (Kim, Mims Holmes, 2006). In their current stage, mobile wireless technologies are wiithout any security feature. Doubts on the technologies security underlies their slow uptake in the world of business. Meanwhile, the technologies are increasingly being used in higher education institutions because the main reason for their use is provision of a mobile-learning environment to both learners and educators, unlike in the business sectors (Kim, Mims Holmes, 2006). For many people, mobile wireless technologies are yet to be use in everyday life, like in the case of calculators and computers. In order for these emerging technologies to become useful, they must not be greeted with uncritical excitement. Rather, administrators, students and educators have to think critically so as to determine how these technologies can be used for the achievement of their educational goals. According to Teo (2008) todays learning environments are characterized by many beliefs about the effects of technology. Both students and teachers harbor many different beliefs about technology and the influences that it has on education. These beliefs have a significant effect on the approaches that teachers adopt when making use of technology in classroom situations. However, says Teo, the traditional teaching approach is only significant to modern technology use approaches when correlated negatively to the modern teaching methodologies. Buy custom Education and Technology essay

An Overview Of The Godiva Chocolatier Company

An Overview Of The Godiva Chocolatier Company Before heading towards the first question, it is essential to know about Operations Management. The simplest definition of Operations Management is ‘the production of goods and service.’ It is the focus and objective of the organizations. http://managementhelp.org/ops_mgnt/ops_mgnt.htm http://openlearn.open.ac.uk/mod/resource/view.php?id=161691 (cited in ‘Design of Flexible Production System: Methodologies and Tools’): ‘Component or basic flexibilities that included machine, material-handling and production flexibilities System flexibilities in which Process, Routing, Product, Volume and Expansion flexibilities were considered Aggregate flexibilities, e.g. Program, Product and Production, Market Flexibilities’ In term of flexibility, Godiva Chocolatier has ensured that in every stage of production. Godiva’s operations strategy is a set of above mentioned five performance objective which can be highlighted in both the methods adopted by t he organization and these are: enrobing and moulding. According to the case study, Godiva is a small producer which gives a variety of products with more than 100 types of chocolates. The machinery and the technology used in the organization indicate that there is not enough volume as compared with the range of variety. So, the organization decided to invest more on technology and new machinery to get high quality and high variety with its low volume. Such as, the enrobing department is operating the machine to get the individual product designs by linking together the various pieces of equipments like extruders, guillotines, depositors, enrobers, decorators and so on in different sequences and combinations. However, moveable conveyors are used to link different machines to justify the volume. The staff and the machines are decoupled and worked at different speed and times. The speed is enhanced in short span of time by using small liquid chocolate tanks at the enrobing machines for different types of chocolates and for this purpose only 20 minutes changeover is taken to disconnect the tank, clean the machine and connecting to the other. Though it takes less time with good speed in production but planning is complex as well because Godiva surely wants to save its economic side as well, as it is considered to be uneconomic to produce less than 300 kg of a particular colour of chocolate. So, it is planned that the different types of chocolates with the same coating should go through the process. Likewise the strategy is adopted in the moulding department as well. Simple operator-assisted device, computer-controlled depositing machines (take less than one minute for the changeover), automatic individual wrapping machine and the packing robot are used for the best quality, speed and save the time. In short, its operations strategy is trying to achieve its objectives along with the five performance objectives as well.

Summary and Impact Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3

Summary and Impact - Essay Example Scientists demonstrated that start time of treatment affects the response of B cells to the virus. Moreover, they have shown that the response of the same B cells to the HIV differs from that to other pathogens such as tetanus or influenza. In summary, these studies provide evidence of the fact that earlier treatment of HIV is better for the health of infected people. HIV infection can affect anyone of us. The biggest problem for HIV-infected people is the fact that this infection is extremely difficult to treat and complete cure is not possible at all. Therefore, knowledge of basic features of HIV infection greatly interested me. Especially useful information is the fact that early treatment improves resistance and is more useful for our body. This fact raises questions about the periodic inspection your body for HIV infection, because in case of early identification, quality of treatment will be much higher. Thus, the annual check for infection will increase the quality of further treatment because of early detection of infection. So we should not give problems the chance to become a significant and solve it at the

Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 57

Case Study Example in Blacks position, I would persistently grow the remunerations of the female directors more than a sizable long period as raising it suddenly will disturb the male managers whose pay rates ought to be unfaltering in the midst of the compass. (Yellin & E. S. 2013).  Whats more, to keep up a fundamental separation from any clear division or biases in the middle of the system of alertly extending the pay rates, it would in like manner consider conferencing the HR boss, the three female supervisors, and an in number senior from the male accomplice. While the critical part will be to enlighten them about the paid course of action change, their points of view and proposals will be investigated to bring sex value, legitimization of remuneration and fortify the solidarity that is dominant for Acmes triumph (Yellin & E. S. 2013).   Regardless, the association got into this terrible situation due to wrong presumptions, underestimation of the female workers and a startling absence of mindfulness in occupation assessment. As the president, George by and large added to Acmes accessible issue firstly by tolerating that women had working mates consequently did not require goliath remunerations, besides be conceding pay enlargement in perspective of his association with a laborer apparent through the individual arrangements general in the midst of his organization. The HR boss too much held the presumption that the female agents should be paid less since they control less gifted and competent specialists when appeared differently about their male accomplices. The area culture exceedingly affected the payment process. Whether the mate is salaried or not cannot avoid being not the bit of the master compensation game plan, but instead in Acme, the organization allowed such a supposition to drive the association into iss ues. Furthermore, considering the sheer reality that the association was encircled 35 years back when underestimation of people was the standard, and Acme was

Efficiency Of Municipal Solid Waste Collection Essay Example for Free

Efficiency Of Municipal Solid Waste Collection Essay Solid waste has become an urban issue that gives evidence to the greatly increasing economic activities in the municipalities and poses a challenge thereto. As both an issue and a challenge, it requires a collaboration of efforts from the government and the private citizens of the municipalities. Related issues that would have to be checked and considered as well include the need for a change in the people’s overall lifestyle, their manner of resource consumption and allocation of their increasing income. The socio-economic, legal, health, environmental and cultural aspects of the municipalities would have to be revisited and made to contribute to the solid waste management programs of the government. (Jhaet. al. , 2007). Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) is a type of waste that, in particular, is not carried by water or air. The Federal Government of United States of America defines solid waste as any discarded material that is not excluded (40 CFR 261. 2; Mihelcic and Hutzler, 1999). Therefore, MSW is composed of the degradable, the partially degradable, and the non-degradable wastes. Degradable MSW includes paper, textiles, food wastes, straw and yard wastes; partially degradable waste includes wood and sludge, and non-degradable wastes include leather, plastics, rubber, metal, glass, dust and electronic waste. (Jha et. al. , 2007). The collection and disposal of the domestic wastes – whether degradable or non-degradable – over a period of years over-burdens the landfill. The continuous loading, dumping and subsequent accumulation of garbage all have a long-term effect on the environment (Sharholy et. al. , 2007). Hence, there is a growing awareness of the need to study the negative impact of solid wastes on the environment and human health, particularly in the areas adjoining the landfill sites (Srinivas, 1998). One city in India that is burdened by the dilemma caused by the rising volume of its MSW generation is Chennai. Chennai is the capital of the state of Tamil Nadu and is located at 13. 04 degrees latitude and 80 degrees longitude in Southern India. It is one of the four major metropolitan cities in India – the other three being New Delhi, Mumbai and Kolkata – with a total area coverage of 174 sq km, 19 km in length and 9 km in width (Figure 1) (Chennai Map, 2000). The population in Chennai has reached five million. One of the oldest corporations in India is the Corporation of Chennai, which was established on the 29th of 1688 by the East India Company (COC, 2004). Corporation of Chennai is the civic body that governs the city of Chennai. With the mayor as its head, the Corporation of Chennai has 155 councilors representing the 155 wards of the city. (Wikipedia) To do its mandate, the Corporation of Chennai has various departments attending to their respective duties and tasks. The departments are as follows: the Council Department, the General Administration, the Financial Management Unit, the Land Estate Department, the Revenue Department, the Health Department, the Family Welfare Department, the Education Department, the Parks Play Fields, and the Engineering Departments. The latter, in turn, are namely as follows: the Works Department, the Mechanical Engineering Department, the Electrical Department, the Buildings Department, the Storm Water Drain Department, the Bridges Department, and the Solid Waste Management Department. (COC website) Thus, the Corporation of Chennai is involved in the general upkeep and administration of the city, and the SWM in Chennai is but one of its concerns. The past 20 years has brought in industrial development to Chennai, and with it came both population growth and increased MSW generation (Esaku, 2007). The Corporation of Chennai has divided the area into ten zones for MSW collection and clearing (COC, 2004). The wastes generated by these ten zones are collected by either the Corporation of Chennai or the Neel Metal Fanlca, a private municipal solid waste collection body. The collection system involves getting the garbage through door-to-door visits and the setting up of garbage bins by the roadside in the streets. The collected wastes are transported via heavy mechanical vehicles (HMVs) or light mechanical vehicles (LMVs) to the transfer stations or directly to the city’s two dump sites, namely, the Perungudi and the Kodungaiyur dump sites. These wastes are mostly yet to be segregated; they are predominantly made up of organic and debris wastes (Sharholy, 2008). The segregation of wastes, though, is not effectively achieved in Chennai as a whole. Source or domestic segregation is practiced in a few areas in Chennai. Such practice contributes to the recycling of wastes like paper, plastic and metals. Still, it remains that the major contributors of recycled wastes are the rag pickers who collect wastes from the dumpsites and the municipal bins. Chennai, the fourth largest metropolitan city in India, currently faces the problem of having to efficiently handle and dispose of its growing volume of MSW (Esaku, 2007). The average volume of its generated MSW has increased from 600 tons/day to 3500 tons/day (Esaku, 2007). There has hitherto been no concrete and effective management measure taken to counteract this problem. Chennai is also accounted for having the highest per capita waste generation in India (Sharholy, 2008). The inefficiency of the garbage collection system in Chennai is due to the improper distribution of manpower, the ineffective work force, the incompetent collection methodology, the lack of public awareness and the scarce civic sense among the people. My study focuses on determining whether the allotment of additional manpower and vehicles for MSW collection would improve the efficiency of the garbage collection and disposal system of Chennai. My hypothesis is that proper allocation of manpower and vehicles to each zone, if implemented right by the Corporation of Chennai and the Neel Metal Fanalca, will significantly increase the efficiency of MSW collection and disposal in the city. My study would help the Corporation of Chennai and the Neel Metal Fanalca to improve the MSW collection and disposal in the city of Chennai. The city has been dubbed as â€Å"The City Beautiful† (COC website). To preserve its status as a place of beauty, the city government and its people should then act fast to solve the problems caused by the mounting volume of MSW continuously generated therein.

Hamlets Destructive Humor Essay -- GCSE English Literature Coursework

Hamlet's Destructive Humor      Ã‚   Humor can be funny and uplifting or cynical and destructive. Hamlet's humor insults every one around him and it's very cynical and leads to his downfall. When Hamlet insults people around him, his remarks are not clearly understood by the people who he is insulting. Hamlet makes Polonius look like a fool when he criticizes him with his words, and Polonius doesn't know that he is being fooled. Hamlet even makes fun of the courtiers particularly Rosencrantz and Guildernstern. Although Hamlet doesn't stop there, he even insults Claudius and his own mother, Gertrude. Hamlet's love, Ophelia, is also an unfortunate victim of these remarks. All these insulting remarks show Hamlet's lack of sympathy for other people, and this confusion leads to his downfall.      Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When Hamlet feigns madness, Polonius is the most unfortunate victim of Hamlet's insulting and humorous words. When Polonius asks Hamlet, "Do you know me my lord?" (2.2.173) Hamlet replies by saying, "Excellent well. You are a fishmonger." (2.2.174). Hamlet says that, Polonius is sacrificing his daughter's happiness to win the trust of the king. Hamlet says to Polonius, "For if the sun breed maggots in a dead dog, being a good kissing carrion-Have you a daughter?" (2.2.182-183). Hamlet says that it is not surprising that Polonius is such a hypocrite, because the life giving sun can produce all kinds of horrible things, especially from other horrible things. Polonius asks Hamlet, "Will you walk out of the air, my lord?"(2.2.204), and Hamlets says, "Into my grave" (2.2.204). When Polonius offers Hamlet to go to a warmer room, Hamlet says he'd rather die than go anywhere with Polonius. All these insulting remarks show that Polon... ...  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hamlet's humor is rude and insulting to people around him; it's very cynical and leads to his downfall. Hamlet proves his cynical humor when he fools Polonius, makes fun of the courtiers and insults Claudius, Gertrude and Ophelia. Hamlet insults Polonius with his words and always finds out what the courtiers were up to. All these experiences show that humor can be joyful but on the other hand it could prove to be very fatal.    Works Cited and Consulted: Bloom, Harold. Modern Critical Interpretations Of Hamlet. New York, NY: Chelsea House Publishers, 1986. Brodwin, Leonora. Hamlet Character Analysis. Monarch Notes. Brodwin's Notes Scott-Hopkins, Benjamin. "Dark Humor of Hamlet" Shakespeare-Online Shakespeare, William. "Hamlet." The Unabridged William Shakespeare. William George Clark and William Aldis Wright, ed. Running Press. 1989.

Foundation and history of nursing and how it affects practice Essay

In order to fully understand our heritage, nurses must learn our professional genealogy – from how the profession evolved from ‘traditional’ ministering of the sick to the professionals we are today. Our history gives us a perspective in the traditions we have as nurses and a legacy to pass on to new nurses as they enter the profession. We learn what has influenced, motivated, and affected nurses in the past so that we can use that knowledge to influence our perspective in making changes that will benefit those who enter the profession in the future. Over the years I have observed a change in how we, as nurse and the medical profession, address pain. When I started nursing, you medicated the pain. To put it simply pain was pain – you medicated to relieve the pain. There was not a qualifier by the patient as to their perception of the intensity. Follow up was subjective as you asked the patient if they felt better – we didn’t ask them to quantify the relief they perceived from the medication given. As nurses, we now have data that validates our actions in our plan of care for our patients through evidence based practice. We are not doing something â€Å"because that is the way it has always been done†. We have logic and rationality supporting our care. As a profession we have licensure within our states that includes validation of continuing education. Outside of our licensure we have specialty certificates that attests to the hard work and knowledge those nurses have to achieve their specific certificates of expertise. One things that can be observed in learning the history of nursing is that nurses, throughout history, as well as today, demonstrate a drive to not only better themselves, but to better the community around them. Nursing is far more than switching out a bedpan and passing pills. It has time honored traditions as well as modern scientific sustenance behind the care of patients. I am proud to be a professional nurse.

Computer Systems Essay

Explain the function of the system unit components and how they communicate Central processing unit – The Central Processing Unit (CPU) carries out the actual processing of data. The data it processes is gathered via the system bus, from the main memory. The CPU then sends back the results to main memory via the system bus. The CPU also controls and times the operations of the other key components. CPU’s use in their operation: Fetch, decode, execute, and writeback. BIOS – The BIOS is a built-in software that decides what a computer can do without having access to a hard drive or CD/DVD. On PCs, the BIOS contains all the code required to control the keyboard, display screen, disk drives, serial communications, and a number of other miscellaneous functions. Motherboard – The motherboard is a printed circuit board (PCB) that houses and controls the components that are in charge of processing data. A motherboard provides the electrical circuit connections, these circuits are used by other components of the system to communicate. The central processing unit and other subsystems such as real time clock, and various peripheral interfaces are also located on the motherboard. This is motherboard doesn’t use active heat sinks on its bridges instead it uses a complex passive heat sink. Power Supply – A power supply unit (PSU) is the component that supplies power to a computer. In a PC the power supply is the metal box usually found in a corner of the case. The power supply has many various power leads all for different things such as: * 20+4pin power connector o Powers the motherboard, depending on what motherboard you have it will either require a 20pin or a 24pin connector. * 4+4pin ATX 12V Connector o Powers the CPU, depending on what motherboard you have it will either require a 4pin or a 8pin connector * 6pin PCI-E VGA card Connectors o Power modern graphics cards, depending on the graphics card it will either require 1 or 2 6pin connectors. * SATA Connectors o Used for most internal components such as SATA hard drives and SATA optical drives. * 4pin peripheral Molex Connectors o Molex connectors are used for fans, lights and various other internal components. * Floppy connectors o Used to connect floppy disk drives. Heat Sink & Fan – A heat sink is specifically designed to reduce the temperature of an electronic device by releasing the heat into the surrounding air (case fans would then push out this hot air while pulling in cool air). All modern CPUs need a heat sink and most heat sinks require a fan. A heat sink without a fan is called a passive heat sink; a heat sink with a fan is called an active heat sink. Heat sinks are generally made of an aluminium alloy. This picture shows various heat sinks used for devices like the CPU, graphics card, bridges on a motherboard and much more. Depending on how hot a device gets an extra fan may be required, the CPU, graphics card and motherboard all tend to use active heat sinks. Hard Disk Drive – The hard disk drive is non volatile memory storage that uses a mechanism to read and write data on a hard disk. Every modern computer contains one or more hard disks. The purpose of the hard disk drives is that they give computers the ability to remember things when the power goes out. A typical modern desktop machine will have a hard disk with a capacity of between 250GB and 1TB. Data is stored onto the disk in the form of files. The master (typically C:) is the primary drive, which the computer uses to boot up, the slave (D:) is usually used for extra storage and buck ups. Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) – Floppy drive, hard drive and the CD-ROM drive are all connect to the computer through an Integrated Drive Electronics (IDE) interface. An IDE interface is a standard way for a storage device to connect to a computer. Serial Advanced Technology Attachment (SATA) – Is a computer bus interface for connecting host bus adapters to mass storage devices such as hard disk drives and optical drives. SATA speeds are far greater than IDE and the size difference means they are easier to manage and don’t restrict air flow, so most modern computers tend to use SATA over IDE. The size difference between IDE (left) and SATA (right). Describe the purpose, features and functions of two different operating systems. Windows 7 Features Feature Description Useful? #1 Snap Snap lets you drag one window to the left and one to the right, allowing you to see two windows side by side. Very much, I think this feature alone makes Windows 7 stand above the rest. #2 Taskbar A remake of the old taskbar that introduced some new features such as pinning, this allows you to pin a application to the taskbar (similar to Mac dock) Again this is a very useful feature, you can pin as many applications to the taskbar as you wish. #3 Thumbnail Previews Exactly what it sounds like, thumbnail previews allow you to preview a window that is minimised or behind another window, it is also the new way to group similar windows. This feature is helpful if you have multiple similar windows open however if you just have one or two windows open its not so great #4 Jump List Jump list lets you access your recently used files, depending on the application you can see your most played music (media player) or recently opened documents. Handy for some applications although not a key feature in my opinion. #5 Aero peek This feature allows you to make all open windows transparent this lets you view your desktop without minimising all your windows. This is another feature I love, I tend to save quite a lot of downloads to my desktop and being able to flick back and forth without minimising is great. #1 Snap #2 Taskbar #3 Thumbnail Previews #4 Jump List #5 Aero Peek Undertake routine maintenance tasks in relation to a PC. I will show you how to carry out several forms of maintenance, software, hardware and file management. Software maintenance To demonstrate software maintenance I’m going to update my antivirus. To start the process you first need to load up your antivirus (I’m using NOD32). Once the main antivirus window is open I need to navigate to the update option. Fortunately my antivirus does not need updating as my current virus signature database is up to date . This is what happens when it’s not up to date, after a speedy download it will take me to the previous page and let me know if it’s up to date. Hardware maintenance. To demonstrate hardware maintenance I’m going to find and use a printer that is connected to a separate computer on my network. How I installed the printer on the other machine. Installation was simple and fast, all I needed to do was connect the printer to the computer via USB and plug in the power lead. After turning on the printer I turned on the computer, then I installed the drivers and relevant software from the CD. After a quick reboot I printed a test page and it worked fine. Finding the network printer. To start the process I went to Start > Control Panel > Hardware and Sound > Devices and Printers > Add a printer. Decide what type of printer you are trying to find, because the printer i intend to use runs through another computer i need to select Add a network, wireless or Bluetooth printer. Hit Next and allow it to search, once the results are displayed select the printer you wish to use. You should get a quick window showing you its being connected. You should get a window telling you everything was successful. Followed by the option to print a test page. File management. To demonstrate file management I’m going to show a simple way to manage your files. Sometimes folders and files get in the wrong place and things start to get lost and missing files get accidently deleted. Make sure you delete useless and old files to free up hard disk space, do this by selecting the document and hitting delete or right clicking the file and selecting delete. After creating relevant folders and deleting unnecessary files the folder looks much more organised and manageable. Disk Cleanup Disk Cleanup is a maintenance utility bundled in with Microsoft Windows, its purpose is to free up disk space on the computer’s hard drive. Disk Cleanup first searches your hard drives for files that are no longer being used it then deletes these unnecessary files. As well as cleaning unused files Disk cleanup can also compress files that haven’t been used for a long period of time, this helps make space but if you wish to access files that have been compressed at a later data the loading times can be Disk Cleanup looks in various categories to target these files. * Downloaded Program files * Compression of old files * Temporary Internet files * Recycle Bin * Offline files * Removal of unused applications or optional Windows components * Setup Log files * Temporary Windows file These aren’t the only locations Disk Cleanup looks for files, some options only appear with certain computer configurations. There are also options to remove unused windows components to help free disk space. Quick example of how it works To start Disk Cleanup go to Start > Programs > Accessories > System Tools When the program launches it will begin analyzing how much space it will be able to free. The next step is selecting what you wish to clean, be careful you don’t delete things you need, saved passwords for internet website ect. The View Files button allows you to see the files that will be cleaned. After selecting what to clean you then run the programs, the progress bar shows you how long till its done. Antivirus Every computer that connects to the internet needs an antivirus program, an antivirus program is used to detect, prevent and remove computer viruses, Trojans horses, worms and in some cases spyware, adware and other malicious software. There are various strategies for detecting threats the most common is signature-based detection, this involves using a library of already known threats and searching for these patterns in executable code. Unfortunately some threats are too new to be in this library; in cases like this the antivirus attempts to compare code in its library with new threats. Quick example of how it works This depends on where you install your antivirus but they can be launched by going to Start > Programs > [Antivirus manufactures name] > [Antivirus program]. For this example ill be using my colleges antivirus, Sophos. When you launch the antivirus it will have several options, the first thing you need to do is to update the program, and it’s no good searching for viruses if you’re using and out of date database. After updating you need to scan for potential threats. The scan progress window will give you a rough idea of when it will finish as well as what’s being scanned and what infections have been found. After the scan is completed you should get some form of summary, this will tell you the amount of items scanned, infected items and items that have been place in quarantine. By quarantining threats it ensures your computer stays completely safe, some items are misread and are actually not harmful so quarantining these allows the user to tell the antivirus that they are safe before they get deleted. Available utility software Utility software allows a user to analyze, configure, optimize and maintain their computer and should ned be confused with application software, this type of software allows us to create text documents, listen to music, browse the internet and much more. Utility Description Disk Defragmenters Locates files that are broken over different locations then moves the fragments to the same location to increase efficiency. Disk Cleaners This disk utility is designed to free up disk space and a computer’s hard drive. It does this by searching and analysing the hard drive for files that are no longer of any use, it then removes the unnecessary files. Backup This involves making copies of important data so that these additional copies can be used to restore the original if it were lost or damaged. CLI and GUI CLI allows you to interact with a computer by typing commands in the text only interface. GUI is another way you can interact with a computer, instead of using a text interface it has a graphical interface that consists of icons. Registry Cleaners This utility was designed to remove registry entries that are no longer in use and are unwanted. Antivirus That is used to prevent and remove malware, including Worms, Trojan horses and computer viruses.

Character Adjectives Vocabulary Lessons for ESL

Character Adjectives Vocabulary Lessons for ESL This intermediate level lesson employs a fun questionnaire to focus on developing personal description vocabulary. Students can practice conversation skills while also focusing on improving their command of refined character description. This first phase is then followed by a vocabulary development exercise sheet. Aim: Developing and broadening knowledge of character adjective vocabulary Activity: Questionnaire followed by vocabulary matching activity Level: Intermediate Outline Ask students to describe a family member, write descriptive adjectives on the board.Distribute questionnaire and ask students to pair up and ask each other questions contained in survey.Have students report back to the class on what they have learned about their partners best friend.Divide students up into small groups and ask them to complete the adjective worksheet.Check worksheet as a class.Ask students to provide the opposite of each adjective listed on the worksheet - this activity can be done as a class or in small groups.Provide the gap fill as a review exercise for vocabulary learned in this lesson.As a follow-up exercise, have students write a description of one of their family members, friends or relatives with special emphasis on using the adjectives discussed during the lesson. What Kind of Best Friend Do You Have? Exercise 1: Ask your partners the following question about his/her best friend. Make sure to listen carefully to what your partner has to say. Is your friend usually in a good mood?Is it important for your friend to be successful in whatever he/she does?Does your friend notice your feelings?Does your friend often give presents, or pay for lunch or a coffee?Does your friend work hard?Does your friend become angry or annoyed if he/she has to wait for something or someone?Can you trust your friend with a secret?Does your friend listen well when you are speaking?Does your friend keep his/her feelings to him/herself?Is your friend usually not worried by things, no matter what happens?Does your friend think the future will be good?Does your friend often change their opinion about things?Does your friend often postpone things he/she has to do?Is your friend happy one moment and then sad the next?Does your friend like to be with people? Exercise 2: Which of these adjectives describes the quality asked about in each of the survey questions? generouseasygoingambitiouscheerfulhardworkingtrustworthyimpatientoptimisticsensitivemoodysociableindecisivereservedlazyattentive Exercise 3: Use one of the 15 character adjectives to fill in the blanks. Pay special attention to the context for clues. Hes the type of person whos always whistling at work. He rarely gets angry or depressed, so Id say hes a rather ______________ person.Shes a bit difficult to understand. One day shes happy, the next shes depressed. You could say shes a ____________ person.Peter sees the good in everybody and everything. Hes a very _______________ coworker.Hes always in a rush and worried hes going to miss something. Its hard to work with him because hes really ______________.Jennifer makes sure all the Is are dotted and Ts are crossed. Shes very _____________ to detail.You can believe anything she says and rely on her to do anything. In fact, shes probably the most ____________ person I know.Dont count on any work getting done with him around. Hes just a ___________ slob!Id say she cant be disturbed by anything, and shes happy to do whatever youd like. Shes very ________________.Be careful about what you say to Jack. Hes so ______________ that he might start to cry if you made  a joke about his str ange looking shirt.   I swear shed give the shirt off her back to someone if she needed it. To say she is _____________ is an understatement! Answers cheerful / easygoingmoody / sensitiveoptimisticimpatient / ambitiousattentive / trustworthytrustworthylazyeasygoing / cheerfulsensitive / moodygenerous

NHS on abortion is ethical Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

NHS on abortion is ethical - Essay Example Over a period of time, the NHS has evolved strategy to deal with the critical issues linked with abortion. The major part of this strategy is communication. The NHS keeps its stakeholders informed regarding different aspects of the abortion and related procedures and risks. ... Abortion is a term used for the termination of pregnancy through procured or induced measures. In UK, Abortion is allowed under certain situations which are within the legal parameters of The Abortion Act, 1967 (Lipp & Fothergill, 2009). In the recent past, there have been various campaigns supporting foetus rights/ rights of unborn or rights of women. There have been certain cases, where father to be demanded for their rights over the unborn. However the issue is still unresolved. There are certain medical conditions where abortions become mandatory to save the life of pregnant women. The activists today are also opposing the use of abortion as a contraceptive measures to get rid of unwanted pregnancy. Abortions put the professionals performing it in ethical dilemma with their motive of medical practice. There have been voices raised for the social and ethical aspects linked with abortion. People supporting abortion as women’s right argue that women have right on their bodies and what happens in their bodies, whereas the others argue that the unborn who can not speak for themselves have right to live. There are various issues of debate over the abortions i.e. women’s health, psychological and emotional well being, support to raise the child and many others. There have been limited studies to understand the long term psychological impact on women who opted for abortions. The fact can not be ignored that even when abortion was not legal, it was being performed and putting women in health risk situations. It is statistically evident that legalising abortion has significantly reduced the number of abortions across the Eastern Europe (WHO, 2008). In such scenario of controversies, it is important how medical service providing

Make up assignemt Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Make up assignemt - Essay Example Jefferson’s choice of the particular words used in the declaration was to express a shared understanding of â€Å"the American mind. â€Å"He showed what amounted to a collective political creed by stating that certain propositions were â€Å"self-evident† truths. The Declaration of Independence states that among the â€Å"truths† that Americans hold to be â€Å"self-evident† is â€Å"all Men are created equally.† (Jefferson,1). This statement related to all people regardless of their gender, occupation or color. It means that we are either created equally by birth or naturally political equals; therefore, no one is by birth a subject of a ruler or is automatically the ruler of others. Political equality thus does not define human equality. We are all created moral equals, and we are of equal value and worth in the eyes of the creator. Jefferson stated, â€Å"†¦all Men are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights...† (Jefferson,1). This statement provides evidence that the declaration was a precursor to the bill of rights. Inalienable rights are those that cannot be given up even if there was an alternative to it. According to the concept of inalienable rights section in the Declaration of Independence liberty, life and pursuit of happiness is a right. The existence of unalienable rights does not mean that a person cannot be subjected to attacks, false imprisonments and other forms of oppression. Unalienable rights mean that such rights are not morally justifiable, and therefore we have a ground for moral

Domestic and Regional Regulation in the Airlines Sector Essay

Domestic and Regional Regulation in the Airlines Sector - Essay Example However, the civil aviation sector has only contributed to ~3% of anthropogenic warming in the last 20 years, and therefore, it is a relatively small contributor to the phenomenon of climate change2. While using this argument, it is arguable that any climate policy involving the airline industry must strike a balance between the abatement costs and emissions reductions. The airline sector makes several arguments about aviation’s impact on climate change, including the fact that the industry has improved efficiency of aircraft fuel by more than 70%, which has brought together their environmental and economic goals3. Moreover, aggressive pursuit of increased fuel efficiency means that emissions of greenhouse gases from the sector account for less than 3% of total EU greenhouse gas emissions. However, the sector’s contribution to climate change has continued to elicit heated debate with EU-based environmental groups argue that the figure is closer to 10%4. The examination of these arguments and counterarguments must take metrics and language used into consideration in determining the actual impact of the aviation sector on climate change. Whatever the case, the airline sector in the EU faces a serious barrier to continued growth. Commercial aircraft are almost entirely reliant on jet fuel like kerosene, which means that their combustion by-products are unavoidable and, therefore, their regulation would risk increased production costs5. The lack of commercially viable, alternative sources of energy means that any regulations and policies seeking to mitigate climate change must take on a sectoral or industry-specific dimension to protect the airline sector’s economic viability6. Therefore, climate change deliberations at the Paris 2015 Conference on Climate Change should find policy prescriptions that mitigate climate change, while also considering dominant cost drivers.  

Mental and Physical Abuse of Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Research Paper

Mental and Physical Abuse of Institutionalized Mentally Retarded Children - Research Paper Example The method of data analysis used in the study is the deductive data analysis method. This method is appropriate considering that it is straight to the point and that it saves a lot of time during data analysis. With the adoption of the study, children will have a higher probability of getting treated appropriately and more effectively. Cases of physical and sexual abuse will be minimal and hence ensuring that they receive the rights that they are entitled. They will realize better health care as they will be given all the attention they need from their parents and the community at large. Thus justifying why mentally retarded institutions for children should be abolished. The time for not institutionalizing mentally retarded student has come. Mentally retarded children exposed to severe conditions that worsen the fact that they have disabilities. The harsh conditions they face at institutions make life for them unbearable. This arises from the fact that institutions are under budgeted , under staffed, poor services offered at the institutions, and that they are exposed to physical and sexual abuse (Lillis, 1997). New types of amenities must be built, based on the existing knowledge of the potential in developmental of the mentally retarded institutions. ... In this study, it is highlighted why institutionalizing of mentally retarded children should be dealt away with. Retarded children get exposed to harsh conditions that worsen their situation; they do not get the necessary attention that they require since managing many retarded children is quite a task (Tizard, 1994). The study was done in a number of mentally retarded children institutions with the aim of highlighting the challenges that they face at these institutions, their living conditions at the institutions and the various ways in which they can be helped. The study aims at proving why removing mentally retarded students from this institution will be a plus for the mentally retarded children (Thompson & Brown, 1997). This study will contribute important knowledge in essence that it will highlight the plights of the mentally retarded children and expose the challenges that they face at institutions. It will vividly show why removing mentally retarded children from the instituti ons has a higher probability of them getting treated well and appropriately. The study reveal that families are bound to show more care to their mentally retarded children as compared to institutions, considering that institutions deal with a lot of children and managing all of them to ensure that they have the best conditions is not an easy task. The experimental design used was the Group, Post-test Comparison, reason being that this design offers randomization. The post-test comparison using randomized subjects controls aimed at the key effects of history of the institutions, pre-testing, and maturation; and that the design can be stretched to comprise more than two institutions if essential. The sampling design used in this research is the clustered

The Casino Hotel Industry Tourism Essay

The Casino Hotel Industry Tourism Essay The Casino hotel Industry refers to establishments primarily engaged in providing short- term lodging in hotel facilities with a casino on the premises (IBISWorld, 2012). Casino hotels provide lodging in hotel conveniences with a casino on the premises and it is seem to have phenomenal growth in the past decade. This boom in casino hotel industry provided the investor to establish a luxury and casino hotels in many region. The casino industry generates revenue from full range of services and amenities such as gaming, food and beverage, rooms, dining, retail space, entertainment, meeting facilities etc. Within the past 25 years, the commercial casino industry has experienced significant growth by operating only in Neveda and Atlantic City, New Jersey to operating 566 casinos in 22 states in 2010 (Bazelon, Neels, Seth, 2012). The prospective revenue from gaming has moved gambling from doing unlawful activity to a legitimate business and at this instant hotels are also offering casino s ervice. Due to financial crisis in 2008 and 2009, the revenue had declined as people were intending to spend less money on gambling and not taking vacation. The increasing unemployment made consumer to spend less and be more selective while spending their money. After the crisis, in 2010 and 2011 there is a huge change and the revenue in casino hotel industry went high however, it is estimate that revenue will further grow 3.9% to $47.8 billion in 2012 (IBISWorld, 2012). The introduction of Casino hotel creates employment opportunity to the local communities and generates tax revenue for the government. Casino hotel industry mainly depends on the economic condition of the country and willingness to travel which energies industry revenue growth. After the economic growth, the consumer spending has been increased where their disposable income has also been raised and so as their spending. People tend to spend their income in different variety of ways such as recreational, travelling, entertainment, gambling etc. This has become very challenging for casino industry as consumers are visiting casino more often than past. The rising rate of travelling people and consumer spending drives industry revenue growth that tends to compete with increasing global competition of casino hotel industry. Due to declining demand of Casino Hotel industry in 2007, Macau and China took the worlds largest casino gambling region over the Las Vegas. There are more openings of international casino hotel that have significantly increased the competition for the US casino hotel business. Since, consumers are more selective about their spending they would rather choose better recreational activities that can either be internationally or domestically. There are 300 land-based casinos with accompanying lodging facilities and currently it shows that Casino and gaming is overlapping the hotels and lodging industry. The trend of Casino hotel industry in luxury market is to provide the entertainment convergence i.e. is to attract more people and to provide variety of facilities as such the customers will lengthen their stay and enjoy the modern casino hotel property (Energy and Environmental Analysis Inc, 2005). Industry Growth Analysis Current Industry Trends The casino and hotel can be either standalone or comprises of both hotels facility as well as casino facility. The industry strongly depends on the current economic situation, as such people desire to travel when they have huge amount of disposable income. Due to downturn of economy in 2007 and 2008 there was a declining demand of this sectors and sales dropped way down and the reason behind is they are more concern about their financing. Therefore, Casino Industry was cutting the services like gambling and other entertainment. There is decline of domestic and international travel in United States and the performance of this industry decline as casino hotels rely more on tourists visiting. Slowly recovering economy shows that there is gradual increment of visitors as consumer spending in 2012 has been increase by 1.9% in result the consumers are visiting the casino more often. However, the competition from others such as American Indian casinos, similar casino gaming places, online gaming, and international casinos make the industry to remain sensitive. In 2012, industry profit is estimated to account for 8.2% of revenue (IBISWorld, 2012). Economy recovery support growth Over the next five years period it is estimated that the spending from each people projected to be increased. It is forecasted that the consumer spending will increase at an annualized rate of 2.8% (IBISWorld, 2012). This will lead to the improvement of the casino hotel industry that will in return create job opportunity and therefore the unemployment rate will decrease. The result of getting employment tends to make consumer to spend more money in travelling and gambling. As a result there will be a huge demand of hotel casino industry in future. Market forecast of Casino hotels shows the long-term position and future growth trend. market forecast Retrieved from: http://www.anythingresearch.com/industry/Casino-Hotels.htm The growth of industry can also see mostly in spring and summer rather than winter or fall. Tourists would like to travel during the better weather condition while spending their money. The industry will see high performance and increase revenue in better weather condition such as in spring and summer of each year. The performance of industry can be measured based upon the valuation and compare with other similar industry. In domestic market, the industry seems mature in industry life cycle therefore the major other companies are expanding the business internationally. The scope however in Macau and China is in increasing trends, as a consequence the investor would want to achieve higher growth in the revenue. Analysis of competing companies There are various industries that compete with each other. The current rivalry competitiveness in casino hotel is relatively high in nature. These competing firms are Caesars Entertainment Corporation, MGM Resorts International, Las Vegas Sands Corporation, and Wynn Resorts Limited. Retrieved from: http://clients1.ibisworld.com/reports/us/industry/majorcompanies.aspx?entid=1662 Casears Entertainment Corporation The worlds largest casino operator whose market share is 18.2%, Caesars Entertainment Corporation has grown by providing various services such as new resorts, expansion and acquisitions and currently it owns and manages the casino resorts. Caesars is able to maintain on loyalty to its customers by providing sound service and to their employee, business partners also. It shows that in 2007 it was 8.9% and due to economy recession it has dropped down to -0.2% however, it has predicted that in 2012 the revenue will be increased up to 3.9% (IBISWorld, 2012). MGM Resorts International MGM Resorts is another largest casino hotel operator whose market share is 12.7%. The company has significant holdings in gaming, hospitality and entertainment, and holds a growing number of development and management agreements for casino and non- casino resort projects (MGM Resorts, 2012). MGMs in USA have improved over the past years and consumers are trying to spend their income in recreational places. Therefore, In 2011 the percentage change shows 4.6% increment in domestic market however, it has also predict that in 2012 the percentage change will be decline but still it will be in positive (IBISWorld, 2012). Other Companies Las Vegas Sands Corporation is one of the new kinds of travel destination with the market share of 4.3%. Las Vegas Sands offers high-ends amenities, integrating them under one roof resort. Over the five years to 2012, global company revenue is expected to increase at an average annual rate of 30.5% per year to $11.2 billion, including forecast growth of 13.1% in 2012. US-specific revenue is also forecast to grow significantly at an annualized 16.0% to $2.1 billion over that same period (IBISWorld, 2012). Wynn Resorts Limited Likely, other major competitor in the industry is Wynn Resorts Limited whose market share is 2.8% and it is based on Las Vegas Corporation. It has forecast to grow 0.6% per year on average over that same period to $1.3 billion (IBISWorld, 2012). The company grew very fast in previous years beside the recession period. Industry Establishments, Sales Employment Trends Year Percent Chg. Year-to-Year 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 09-10 10-11 11-12 12-13 Establishments 367 380 388 397 406 3.6% 1.9% 2.5% 2.2% Sales ($Millions) 43,200 47,139 49,910 53,614 57,211 9.1% 5.9% 7.4% 6.7% Employment 228,451 236,755 241,274 247,310 252,835 3.6% 1.9% 2.5% 2.2% Retrieved from http://0-web.ebscohost.com.helin.uri.edu/ehost/pdfviewer/pdfviewer?sid=9c59b541-088a-45d0-8846-d6fbd6acad29%40sessionmgr12vid=7hid=17 5 Forces Competitive Analysis Competition from Rival Sellers The competition from rival companies is extremely high and it is in increasing trend. After the merger of Harrahs and Caesars and MGM and Mandalay in 2005, they have taken great proportion of market share in casino hotel industry (IBISWorld, 2012). MGM have direct competition with Harrahs Entertainment however, the other two competitors like las Vegas Sands Corp and Wynn Resorts are small companies and do not have direct threat in the competition. The strength of this competitive force is strong because these two casino hotel have significant revenue with high quality of hospitality and access marketing and promotional to attract the consumer. Competition from Potential Entrants There is a high and steady barrier to entry in this industry. The significance of these entry barriers is that governments have minimized the legal issue related with government regulation for the entry of new competitors. And recently, half of United States have legally operating casino including Kansas and Massachusetts. Competition from Substitute products The threat to casino hotel industry is international online casino gambling sites, casino without hotel premises, hotels and motels, resorts and lodges etc. Due to economy recession the operator have moved to expand their business in international market where potential growth is high. There is high threat of competition from substitute products; if hotel casino fails to provide better facility then the consumer would rather choose those hotel industries that provide better hospitality. Therefore by maintaining consumer loyalty and providing sound hospitality will create less threat from substitute products. Suppliers Bargaining Power The threat of supplier bargaining power is very weak. For hotel casino industry their main suppliers or raw materials used are the food and beverages where these suppliers face competition within those industries by producing their own quality product. The commodity price changes may not affect the industry as such the industry would choose to get same supply from different suppliers. Customer Bargaining Power The customers have relatively higher bargaining power. Most of the hotel casino industries are located in west side of USA. Therefore, the customers from there have no choice of choosing other than going to these places. In addition, customers have more bargaining power because it allows customer to go in standalone casino or hotel. Poor hospitality for customer coming in can lead to sift their choice in other kind of industry. Factors driving industry changes There are various factors that are driving industry change. Economic Change The prosperous health of casino hotel industry depends upon the economic condition of the country. If the disposable income of the consumer were relatively high they would prefer spending their money in recreational areas such as vacation and gambling. Due to economic downturn, people will reduce their disposable spending which was in 2008 and 2009, there was decline of such industry by 8.7% and 8.4% respectively (IBISWorld, 2012). Better economy will create less unemployment rate with proportionate of increased income that in return consumer will be travelling more often. Airline Travel and Tourism Based on US, 51.7% of these industries are located in west like most in Nevada and Las Vegas. If there is poor infrastructure it can impacts the total industry, as consumer are not being able to reach to their destinations. Since casinos are still banned in many states, those provisions have historically allowed the industry to develop and expand across these areas (IBISWorld, 2012). Due to global crisis, we can see huge downturn in tourism sector and it has negatively affected the tourism industry. This is the main reason that has reduced the amount of the tourist from different country. Legal Issues and Technology Innovation As all state do not have permit to open the casino however, it can be seen there is a huge scope in some other region. There should be a casino legislation and regulatory change that will allow new establishment in other states. Technology Innovation is another factor that drives industry to change. The gambling should be user friendly to the entire consumer using. Usually consumers comes for vacation with their family members, therefore those entertainment should be used so each of the family members can delight efficiently. A Strategic Group Map Comparative Market Positions of Selected Casino Hotel Industry Caesars Entrainment Corporation MGM Resorts International Las Vegas wynn Market Share of Casino Hotel Industry in USA Market position of Casino Hotel Industry Caesars Entertainment Corporation seems the major casino operator in USA as well as globally and primarily this company was owned under The Harrahs Caesars. The company uses its total rewards system to market promotions and to generate play across network of properties (Caesars Entertainment, 2012). Currently the data shows that the company holds 18.2% of total market share. In 2011, the total revenue earned by Caesars was $8372.5 and it has been predicted that it will go up to $8700.00 that is 3.9% higher than the last year. Therefore, it shows there is a huge potential increment of the revenue. Likewise, the second most company is MGM Resorts International, which is another company that operates globally and has covered 12.7% of its market share. In 2011, the total revenue earned by MGM is $5892.9 and it has expected to grow more up to $6040.8 in 2012. However, the percentage change in revenue has decreased from 4.6% to 2.5% respectively. In 2007, MGM had expanded their business in Macau therefore huge amount of revenue had been earned from there also. Las Vegas Sands Corporation and Wynn Resorts Limited have estimated industry market share of 4.3% and 2.8% respectively. Las Vegas Sands Corporation have earned 52.4% of total revenue from the company in Asia and in 2012, it has expected to earn revenue of $11,150. Likewise, Wynn Resorts Limited made an expansion of the company in Macau and huge revenue had been generated Strategic moves It is seen that foreign casino companies have made huge investment in Macau since 2002. In 2006 the returns from the casino boom surpassed the revenue of the US gambling mecca, Las Vegas however there is risk for Macau that they are too much relying in one industry (BBC News, 2012). In 2011, Macau gaming revenues reach to $33.5 billion, which means there is 42% increase over the period of 2010 (Stutz, 2012). The increment of revenue have been seen by various American regional gaming markets, therefore Caesars Entertainment Corp paid $578 million and expected to get the land for casino to operate casino hotel business in the biggest market however Caesars still not got the permission to build casino (WSJ, 2012). Due to healthy economy and improving business, the casino hotel companies should expand there business internationally as such MGM, Las Vegas Sands Corporation and Wynn Resorts Limited have already introduce their business in Macau where it is seen huge boom and have generated five times more revenue than Las Vegas Strip. In prospective of USA, it is seen that most of the casino hotel industry are concentrated in west part as only 38 states have legal licensed to operate the casino business. However, there is huge potential of casino business all over the US. As people disposable income has increased with the healthy economy, consumers tend to spend huge money in travelling and gambling and it is time consuming to travel in those regions where the states are permitted to run casino business. Therefore, the biggest companies such as MGM, Las Vegas Sands Corporation and Wynn Resorts Limited should look for potential market and expand their business all over the US. The huge revenue that is available from international casino hotel business can be invested in US and more focusing on the research and development of the market potentiality. The invention of new technology, new gaming, sound hospitality and facilities will help to create more potential consumer in future. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-16599919 http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052970204789304578088320711432556.html

michael jordan Essay -- essays research papers fc

Michael Jordan was one of five children born to James and Delores Jordan. He was born February 17, 1963 in Brooklyn. His parents felt that the streets of Brooklyn were unsafe to raise a young family. So instead of trying to endure the streets of Brooklyn, the Jordan family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina. Michael’s father, James, got a job in Wilmington as a mechanic and his mother Delores got a job as a teller at United Carolina Bank. Michael always had an eye for baseball. He played as an outfielder and as a pitcher. When he was twelve, he was the top player in his league. By the age of fifteen, he wasn't the star in baseball as he once was. He was still very good, but he had lost some of his focus. Later, in his high school career, he dropped baseball to pursue another interest. Soon Michael adopted the game of basketball. When Michael reached the ninth grade, he tried out for the basketball team. Coach Lynch, Michael's coach, cut Michael, which in turn may have made the best player alive today. Michael then took practicing basketball to another level. He played his brother Larry whenever he could. Michael never expected what would come in the near future. Michael Jordan went to the University of North Carolina as a basketball recruit. Even though Jordan at 6'5" was a man with potential, he still studied very hard in an attempt to get a good education, while competing in sports. Mike wasn't expected to be a star of the Tar Heels, since they had players such as ...

Why There We Have Winners and Losers in the Automotive Industry

One reasons that has exposed some automobile companies to severe vagaries of recession while sparing others is the existence of structural differences between the so called auto â€Å"transplants† or foreign auto mobile manufacturing in the United States and the major automobile companies incorporated and domiciled in the United States i. e. General Motors, Chrysler, Ford and the like.The so called ‘transplants’ better represented by Toyota, Hyundai and the like are structured in such a way that they can access credit from their mother countries most of which for instance were not severely affected by the recent recession if compared with the United States (Ohno, 1988). Their deep pocket and this ready pool of credit from their mother countries made them less susceptible to the vagaries of financial meltdown. Another factor that has prejudiced some automakers while favoring others is what analysts have called bad practices of the Big Three United States automakers .These ‘bad’ practices are the ones that are responsible for the big cost differentials that have existed for some time now between them and the ‘transplant’. Another tragedy that has benefited the transplants at the expense of the Big Three is the high prices of automobile fuels that have been occasioned by the recession (Ohno, 1988). In this regard the Big Three US automakers known for their SUVs and Pickup Trucks which normally consume more fuel have found themselves uncompetitive due to the avoidance of fuel guzzlers in the United States due to the high oil prices and reduced disposable income due to inflation.Most of those who have avoided these fuel guzzlers have migrated to the cheaper and more fuel efficient car made from the so called transplant i. e. Toyota, Hyundai, et al. The labor costs have also overwhelmed the Big Three US automakers more than others from foreign countries manufacturing in the United States (McCracken, 2006). This is due to t he fact that their workers are unionized and therefore able to press for high salaries while their non-unionized counterparts in the so called transplants do not have such powers (McCracken, 2006).Importance of the New Product Development for Corporation In regard to Toyota’s New Product Development Process with the launch of the Prius The development of new product whether in form of new innovations, new applications or even completely new goods is a necessary component in business because it enhances the viability of the company. By developing new product the company is able to make a mark in the industry which is one of the best survival strategy that today’s companies have perfected in their bid to withstand cutthroat competition that characterize today’s business environment.The importance of continuously and consistently developing new product in today’s business world is better captured in the statement â€Å"innovate or die† which has of la te become a popular catchphrase adopted by both small and large corporate bodies in reference to increasingly knowledgeable consumer demand for the latest and finest products. One of the companies that have embraced the idea of developing new products in an effort to remain competitive while still providing their customers with the newest and finest goods in the respective market is Toyota Corporation.Toyota which is the second largest automaker globally realizes that in order to maintain its brand visibility as a top automaker worldwide it has keep on innovating and coming up with new and more superior models (McCracken, 2006). All these Toyota models that have been launched in succession by Toyota Corporation are informed by this strategy. This strategy has been employed by Toyota for a long time now. However the most recent product of Toyota’s innovative product development is Toyota Prius. The development of Toyota Prius is in line with Toyota’s management desire t o develop newer and more superior cars for this century.The superiority of Prius as a new and different product from the other is better demonstrated by its superior features that include more spacious cabin space, relatively higher seat position, aerodynamic exterior, a 20km/little fuel economy, and a relatively small engine placed horizontally with a variable automatic transmission (McCracken, 2006). References Ohno, Taiichi, (1988). Toyota Production System: Beyond Large-Scale Production. New York: Productivity Press McCracken, Jeffrey, (2006). Detroit’s Symbol of Dysfunction: Paying Employees Not to Work. The wall street journal online. 06 March 2006

Features of Natural Moral Law & Dicuss Whether Its Strengths

EXAMINE THE KEY FEATURES OF NATURAL MORAL LAW & DICUSS WHETHER ITS STRENGTHS OUTWEIGH ITS WEAKNESSES Natural Law has roots that stem back to Ancient Greece, and it was Aristotle who really created the approach. It was also depicted in Sophocles’ play Antigone, where the protagonist claims her right to bury her brother despite the King (Creon) ordering that he be fed to dogs. Antigone, (the protagonist) proclaimed this because she believed that there was a higher law than the King’s, particularly, Natural Law.However, it was not until the 13th Century until Thomas Aquinas developed its key features, that it was actually more widely recognised as a moral theory. When we focus on the recipient of the natural law, that is, us human beings, the proposition of Aquinas's natural law theory that comes to the forefront is that the Natural law establishes the basic principles of practical rationality for human beings, and has this status by Nature. These are to be followed univer sally, as Cicero puts it; it is ‘one eternal and unchangeable law will be valid for all nations and all times’.According to Aquinas, all humans seek good and when we do wrong or evil, it is only because we are only seeking ‘apparent’ goods and not real goods. So, we could ask ourselves, how does Aquinas define a ‘real’ good? A real good is when the said ‘good’ falls under the five primary precepts. These are: self-preservation and preservation of innocents, educating children, living in society, reproducing and worshipping God. Aquinas also believed that we can use our rationality to know Natural Law.It is inherent within our human nature, God reveals specific commands but these do not go against natural law but rather, further develop it. Aquinas said that a moral life is a life entirely followed ‘according to reason’. Aquinas allowed for the Aristotelian insight that the particulars of the situation always outstrip o ne's rules, so that one will always need the moral and intellectual virtues in order to act well. But he denies that this means that there are no principles of right conduct that hold everywhere and always and some even absolutely.On Aquinas's view, killing of the innocent is always wrong, as is lying, adultery, sodomy, and blasphemy; and that they are always wrong is a matter of natural law. Therefore, Natural law is absolute, but surely, we can ask ourselves, what about double effect? What if a dying mother had to give an abortion to preserve her life? For Aquinas, there are two key features of the natural law, features the acknowledgment of which structures his discussion of the natural law.The first is that, when we focus on God's role as the giver of the natural law, the natural law is just one aspect of divine providence; and so the theory of natural law is from that perspective just one part among others of the theory of divine providence. The second is that, when we focus on the human's role as recipient of the natural law, the natural law constitutes the principles of practical rationality, those principles by which human action is to be judged as reasonable or unreasonable; and so the theory of natural law is from that perspective the preeminent part of the theory of practical rationality.Whilst Natural law may be a particularly easy, universal theory that can apparently be followed by all people it has shortcomings. BEGAN FIRST WITH STOICS IN THE WEST THIS IS ONE OF THE FIRST ‘HYBRID THEORY’ HUMAN REASONING + DIVINE COMMANDS THE 13TH CENTURY WAS A GOLDEN AGE FOR CATHOLICISM, RULED BY THE IDEA OF REVELATION/FAITH/PRIESTHOOD THOMAS AQUINAS REASONED THAT WE ARE MADE IN THE IMAGE OF GOD THAT HE GRANTED US REASONING AND THAT WE CAN USE THIS REASONING THAT LINKS WITH PHILOSOPHY WHICH OVERLAPS WITH FAITH/DIVINE COMMANDS. REASON IS 1+1=2.AQUINAS SAID WE CAN USE HUMAN REASON TO PROVE THE EXISTENCE OF GOD. DIVINE LAW – THIS COMES FROM GOD. UNIVERSAL LAW = NATURAL LAW BROKEN DOWN INTO HUMAN LAWS. Ironically, all the primary precepts are about perpetuating the human race†¦ DOUBLE EFFECT STATES THAT IF IN ORDER TO GOOD YOU HAVE TO DO ‘LESSER/UNINTENDED EVIL’ ONE MAY PROCEED BUT IT HAS TO UNINTENTIONAL. NATURAL LAW DEFENDS THE JUST WAR THEORY – CAPITAL PUNISHMENT IS ALLOWED/JUSTICE WHAT ABOUT HOMOSEXUALITY? THEY’RE VIOLATING PRINCIPLE NUMBER 2 – PROCREATION BUT NEITHER WOULD BIRTH CONTROL OR CELIBACY.JUSTICE (LEGALISTIC)/EQUALITY/REASON-BASED/CONCISE IT CAN TELL YOU WHAT TO DO IN ALMOST ANY MORAL DILEMMA UNIVERSAL. IF THERE IS A GOD, JUSTICE WILL BE ASSURED. THEREFORE, EVEN IF YOU SUFFER BY FOLLOWING NATURAL LAW, BALANCE WILL BE DEALT. GOD MAKES SURE THAT THE INNOCENT ARE VINDICATED AND GUILTY ARE PUNISHED. CONS: NO GRACE, MERCY OR FORGIVENESS ALLOWED. ‘AN EYE FOR AN EYE, A TOOTH FOR A TOOTH’. A LIFE FOR A LIFE BECAUSE IT IS A REASON BASED THEORY, IT CAN BE RATIONALISED AND CAN BE SUBJECTIVE.BY USING DOUBLE EFFECT YOU COULD RATIONALISE ALMOST ANY BEHAVIOUR YOU WANT. BIRTH CONTROL IS A BAD THING. BUT WHAT ABOUT IN AFRICA, HIV/AIDS ETC. EFFECT YOUR SELF PRESERVATION. PERSONAL OPINION OF NATURAL LAW – IT CAN BE MASSAGED INTO JUSTIFYING ALMOST ANYTHING BY THINKING ABOUT IT. I LIKE AQUINAS I LIKE ITS SIMPLICITY BUT THE WORLD IS NOT THAT NEAT AND TIDY, THE RULES ARE TOO VAGUE. I DON’T WANT TO LIVE IN A WORLD WHERE THERE ARE NO SECOND CHANCES. ‘AN EYE FOR AN EYE WILL LEAVE THE WHOLE WORLD BLIND. ’

The Character of Lady Macbeth Research Paper Example

The Character of Lady Macbeth Research Paper Example The Character of Lady Macbeth Paper The Character of Lady Macbeth Paper Essay Topic: Macbeth The character of Lady Macbeth is riddled with complications. Discerning her morality is a question that has no definite answer. Essentially her role in the play is as Macbeths wife and regardless of her motives for doing so she is the driving force in the murder of King Duncan. I am going to study the character of Lady Macbeth to determine different ways in which the character could be portrayed. There are two reasons why there is so much uncertainty about her character. The first is being the way the plot unfolds. The first time Lady Macbeth is introduced is in act 1 scene 5 and it is significant that her first sentence is Glamis thou art, and Cawder; and shalt be what thou art promised i. e. King of Scotland, significant because immediately it makes her sound obsessive. After this we see her character conjure evil spirits, this point will be discussed later in detail because it is an important factor in completing the task, but we begin to think that there is only one side to her character. As the play goes on we learn more about Lady Macbeth, which makes us question our pre-conceptions and consequently review previous scenes in this new light. The second reason why her character is ambivalent in nature is quite simply to do with the fact that Macbeth is a play, and therefore will be acted. Different emphasis, pauses, hand movements and changes in the speed of delivery can quite easily alter the way the audience will perceive a particular scene, providing that the text will support this. A very good and simple example for this is: When considering whose idea it is to kill the King, to make it seem like it is Lady Macbeths evil plan we would put emphasis on all uses of first-person pronouns in her lines e. . my fell purpose and Leave all the rest to me. After studying the text I believe that there are three definitive interpretation of Lady Macbeths character. The first version is that of an evil woman who can only achieve her aims through her husband and therefore uses him as a means to get what she wants. Another version of her character is as a supportive wife and therefore partially the victim during the course of Macbe ths quest for the throne, who consciously does everything to please her husband. Finally, she could be portrayed as a loving wife whose impulsive mistakes and hunger for power causes her to lose control, she perhaps feels the killing will stop with that of Duncan. As mentioned she is maybe using Macbeth. This is significant to the middle ages because women did not have any status and were considered the property of their husbands. Ambitious women like Lady Macbeth could only gain consequence through their husbands. If Lady Macbeth convinced Macbeth that he wanted to be king then she would have gained from his actions. The play is full of examples that display Lady Macbeth spurring Macbeth to kill Duncan even when he seems to be against the idea. Most noticeably in act 1 scene 7, Macbeth says, We will proceed no further in this business. Her response to this is: Such I account thy love, suggesting he cannot love her if this is his ultimatum. She also implies he is a coward, Art thou afeard to be the same in thine own act and valour as thou art in desire? After seeing his reaction, I dare do all that may become a man she feels she is motivating him and follows his reply with When you durst do it, then you were a man. She is exasperating his male pride and honour, and ends up manipulating him to do the deed. At one point Lady Macbeth mentions that Macbeth had sworn to carry out the deed when neither time nor place did then adhere. So the killing of Duncan may have been an idea that they shared amongst themselves in the past. This is a good example of newfound knowledge going in favour of Lady Macbeth. Now considering that Lady Macbeth has always been aware of Macbeths vaulting ambition and his plans to kill the King; we can now understand why she immediately concludes that Duncan must be murdered upon reading Macbeths letter. Alternatively, when she says he has sworn, she could be referring to the conversation that they had at the end of act 1 scene 5 in which case she is trying to trick him in to thinking that he had sworn to do it when in fact he said, we will speak further. This is very sly and contributes as evidence towards the argument that she pushed him to kill the king against his better judgement. When a messenger tells Lady Macbeth that the King is to make a visit that night; she makes several interesting comments. Firstly she says, He brings great news. This is a rather awkward line to analyse because it seems to be said in pure delight (with the murder in mind), it is a key line in interpreting her as an opportunistic character. An actress portraying Lady Macbeth as benevolent would very much try to mellow down this statement, by saying it slowly, thoughtfully and with almost a sarcastic undertone in her voice, making it seem as though she is dreading it. In fact this style or similar should be used to mellow down any statement such as That croaks the fatal entrance of Duncan under my battlements. She could say it in an almost sympathetic voice, sorry for him but moreover herself. A smile whilst saying this would be effective in portraying cruelty. Now we arrive at the place in the play where Lady Macbeth conjures evil spirits, this scene adds to our uncertainty about her, but different points can be picked out to serve different purposes/portrayals. Come you spirits 40 That tend on mortal thoughts! Unsex me here, And fill me from the crown to the toe top-full Of direst cruelty; make thick my blood, Stop up the access and passage to remorse, Taking in to account that there are three different interpretations of Lady Macbeth this extract lends itself to all three. The Shakespearean audience would not have looked favourably on witchcraft, which is what Lady Macbeth is doing. From an evil point of view if she were to experience any remorse, it would not be from killing the King, but instead from using her husband, because there is no evidence that suggests she doesnt love him to some degree. However, as a director you may feel that Lady Macbeth is filling her mind with direst cruelty because she is not in fact evil (logically she would only need evil if she was of good nature) and so she needs to invite darkness in to her soul before she can instigate the killing. In contrast, if the actress were to make herself seem vulnerable and if on line thirty-nine (also forty-seven and forty-nine) she put emphasis on the pronoun you (when referring to the evil spirits) she would make herself seem like a victim and successfully create the impression that she is not what they are. There is a scene after the murders where Lady Macbeth faints. It has been argued over, as long as the play itself, whether she fainted to distract attention from her struggling husband or whether strangely she realises the implications of her actions. The line is Help me hence, ho! and then she faints. If one wanted to make out that she did so to distract attention from her husband who was being interrogated then the line would be said in a theatrical and pretentious manner, with perhaps her glancing at him and then fainting. Alternatively to follow the other scenario, she would have to make the fainting more realistic and this could be done by slowly building up to it. At first the supportive wifes part in the play is to spur Macbeth to do the deed, but now we are at the stage in the play where Macbeth has just killed the king and now Lady Macbeth changes her role. She now supports Macbeth and calms him; Consider it not so deeply. When he becomes numb she takes control of the situation, Give me the daggers. She could be doing this because then she will not feel as guilty about using him. Other sections of the script, in this particular scene, such as her cruel pun, For it must seem their guilt and her general calmness in the situation is quite perplexing considering Macbeths numbness. These are points to highlight when making her seem wicked, due to her indifference, highlighted by Macbeths guilt. A point of discussion is why doesnt Lady Macbeth kill Duncan herself? There are several possibilities, of which one is clearly supported by the text. Lady Macbeth said, Had he not resembled my father as he slept, I had donet. Yet it is another view that this is just an excuse and she is using Macbeth to achieve something she cannot do herself, however evil she may be. In this situation I think the first possibility is the most realistic one because Lady Macbeth says the line to the audience and not to Macbeth in the form of reasoning. I think that from her determination and her inability to see the wrong in her actions I think that maybe she could have killed the King herself. Banquo is another character that is murdered in the play; this is done because Macbeth does not want Banquos prophecy to come true for him. We can only speculate whether Lady Macbeth knew about the murder of Banquo. What we do know is that she was aware that Macbeth planned to kill him, he says to her Thou knowst that Banquo and his Fleance lives. In what can be interpreted in a rather sly manner; Lady Macbeth replies with But in them natures copys not eterne. But this time Lady Macbeth doesnt tell Macbeth to leave the matter in her hands but instead it is Macbeth who ends the scene with Be innocent of the knowledge, dearest chuck. This change is significant because it is as if Macbeth now no longer needs Lady Macbeth to spur him anymore. In the end it appears that Lady Macbeth just disappears from the play, a method Shakespeare used in Ki ng Lear. As the audience we have to try and understand why Shakespeare does this. If we see Lady Macbeth as just a functional character whose role is to motivate Macbeth to fulfil his ambitions; then we can conclude she is pulled out of the play after she serves this purpose, but only after we see the effects her actions have had on her. Lady Macbeths last scene is when she goes insane, and it is in her insanity that to some extent she realises what she has done, and the great consequences that they had, who would have thought the old man to have so much blood in him? Quite different from her thoughts at the end of act two scene two, A little water clears us of the deed. She also ponders the fate of others, The Thane of Fife had a wife: where is she now? This is a murder, like that of Banquo, with which she had no direct link with, but she started Macbeth off and must face much of the blame. It is important to mention that the portrayal of Lady Macbeth is very much dependent on how Macbeths role is acted, because what is important is that a balance is struck and that they both complement each other. From the aspect of the play the final scene may have the answer to the question of Lady Macbeths morality. Malcolm having defeated the crazed Macbeth is the saviour or hero of the play and therefore his opinion is to be taken seriously. He declares an end to Macbeths tyrannical rule over Scotland, condemning him and also his fiendish wife. This label for her, coming from Malcolm, is not to be considered gospel but of significant credibility. So far the factors I have taken in to consideration are the most significant scenes in the play for Lady Macbeth, from the evidence I have chosen to play Lady Macbeth as being evil. Now with this decision I will discuss the casting and costumes. The actress who will play Lady Macbeth should be able to look evil yet have a benevolent appeal. An actress who is tall and slim would be the most appropriate, because it will show feminine power, it would be best if she were also beautiful so we could believe that this women could successfully manipulate a man. Facial features would best include visible cheekbones, which gives the notion of power. At first her face should not look plain; make-up should be used to bring colour to her lips and cheeks (building on her sexual power), but also to make her eyes dark so she appears mysterious. Though sometimes overused in the portrayal of evil the costumes should revolve around black and red. Black and red being synonymous with evil, darkness etc. i. e. the characteristics we want to bring out. I would use the costume to emphasise a change in Lady Macbeth from before she conjures the evil spirits to after. Prior to doing so she should wear all black, but then she should incorporate red, the audience will be able to identify with the colours. In between I do not believe that the colours will play a lot of significance. However, for the last scene where she goes mad I would dress her in white, not because she is innocent but because she is vulnerable and the audience will notice the change in her costume as a complement to that in her attributes. Removing the colour from her face would also help emphasise this.